(The Humanitarian Revolution) of Pinker's The Better Angels of Our Essay

(The Humanitarian Revolution) of Pinker's The Better Angels of Our Nature - Essay Example Body. First, the people prioritized understanding the other communities’ culture. Previously, the people’s priorities focused on imposing their culture on other communities or individuals. The cultures include banishing smoking offices and classrooms (Pinker 265). The governments opened up to learn the cultures of the different communities, practicing tolerance and cooperation among nations. The communities prioritized entering into economic partnerships, instead of war. The communities exchange educational information to help uplift the other communities’ economic and social status. First, the spirit of enlightenment reduced the war incidences. Steven Pinker shows pictures of different Middle Age torture methods. The laws ban such practices today (Pinker 212). Dubos emphasized that the Age of Enlightenment ushered in the spirit of reasoning. The age trained people to use philosophy concepts to explain everyday actions or non-actions. The people preferred to diss ect the reasons behind each activity. Consequently, the people use consequentialism concepts to explain why one activity is correct or not correct. For example, the people reasoned that a person’s actions or non-actions contribute to the outcome of one or more events. For example, the people reasoned that smoking contributes to the higher occurrences of lung cancer. Similarly, the enlightenment theories stated drinking too much brandy makes one drowsy. Consequently, the drowsy car driver will have higher chances of meeting traffic accidents. Likewise, the same Pinker enlightenment concept states that a person who drives slowly and carefully will have lower probabilities of being involved in a car accident. Second, the people’s priority to focus on laws reduced the tendency to prioritize torture, and other wars. 18th century England criticized the murders and tortures as cruelties that should be avoided (Pinker 231). The people preferred to file cases in courts. The cou rts would settle the differences between the two opposing parties. The people did not take the law into their own hands. The people are governed by laws and not by might. Consequently, the relied on the court judges to settle their grievances. Third, the people were more civilized. The people focused moral issues. In fact, Russia’s torture acts dropped to zero in 1850 (Pinker 234).The people preferred exchanges of ideas instead of physically maiming people of other communities. Being civilized includes controlling one’s animalistic instincts. The animalistic instincts include killing another person without remorse. Animalistic killing includes murdering an innocent passer-by just for the thrill. Animalistic killing includes hurting other individuals in order to abuse the rights of the innocent victim. A civilized society is one that is organized. Organized society includes democratic compliance with the statutes, policies, and other laws. A civilized society is one tha t has a clear cultural temperament. For example, the African Americans have their own unique culture. Third, the people’s penchant for education reduced the desire to maim or kill strangers or other communities. The books that were published during the 1800s reached an unprecedentedly higher 7,000 books (Pinker 269). The governments strived to educate their young to be peace loving individuals by publishing many books. The Pinker topic shows that groups focused on helping

Human Health and The Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Health and The Environment - Essay Example prove that in warmer temperatures, humans will live longer and avoid certain sicknesses .He further discusses the possible risks and benefits of warm temperature to the Americans, and analyses various factors that are in favor of his argument. The foremost positive effect of warm weather is that it results in the production of less ice and problems related to cold conditions. During winter, people have to work hard to remove ice from the roads, streets and subways. During cold weather, the American families face the problem of investment on winter suits, caps, and other items. They like moderately warmer climate because it reduces the amount of investment on winter items, room heating etc. Another benefit of the moderate warm weather is that it does not affect the economic activities like trade and commerce. The transportation sector prospers in this climate; but.on the other hand, cold weather affects it adversely. â€Å"Most economic activities would be unaffected by climate change. Manufacturing, banking, insurance, retailing, wholesaling, medicine, education, mining, financial, and most other services are unrelated to weather.† (Moore, 1998). Moreover, the laborers who are working in warmer climates are willing to accept low wages because they enjoy the benefits of the moderate warm weather. Both harmful and harmless insects flourish in relatively low temperature. On the contrary, moderate warm temperature keeps them away because they are not adapted to live in such conditions. One of the ideal situations that the insects can flourish is the depleted ecosystem. Only strict laws can control the encroachments upon the ecosystem and environment. â€Å"Despite the enormous growth in environmental law and regulation since the 1970s, much of the scientific information needed to ensure environmental protection is still missing.† (Wagner, 2004). The aspect of environmental protection must gain global attention and the implementation of laws must be monitored by an

Fetus Is Not An Actual Person Philosophy Essay

Fetus Is Not An Actual Person Philosophy Essay Thomson believes that a mother possesses the right to request an abortion because it is her body while the fetus does not have the right to continue using the mothers body for survival since it depends on the mothers body for existence. However, Marquis contests that this notion of personhood is not morally central to the argument when compared to the value of the aspects of life that is deprived of a fetus when abortion is performed. Although it is more clear that Thomson is leaning towards pro-abortion, Marquiss argument is not that apparent and ends up addressing both sides. After a critical evaluation of both sides, I ultimately support Thomsons view that abortion is not considered murder if the fetus is not an actual person. Under the circumstances where a baby poses a threat to the mothers life, Thomson asserts in her overall argument that although it is not impartial for a third party alone to decide whether or not to abort a mothers pregnancy, it is permissible for a bystander to decline the order of a mother requesting an abortion. If the mother remains neutral and does not give her opinion on wanting an abortion or not, a third party may not make that choice for her since both the mother and the baby are innocent. For this reason we may feel that we bystanders cannot intervene (Thomson, 1971, p. 53). The woman and childs life is not threatened because of any fault they committed; rather it so unfortunately happens that both lives are in jeopardy. Since theyre equally innocent, a bystander does not have the right to determine who deserves to live more. On the other hand, if the mother asks for the bystander to abort her baby, the bystander goes from not having the right to choose to having the right to refuse this demand. Despite the fact that the mother has a right to declare what she wants done to her body since it is her body, the third party, as well, possesses the right to refuse to lay hands on people, even where it would be just and fair to do so (Thomson, 1971, p. 54). Similar to how the child and mother are equally innocent, the bystander and the mother are also equal but in terms of both being human and holding the same rights. Even though leaving the child in the womans body would likely result in the womans death, the third party cannot be held responsible for this loss of life if he simply cannot execute this abortion due to personal reasons. Not only is nothing requiring him that he must perform this act, but he also has a right as an individual to make his own decisions because he has control over his own life. However, this does not mean another person cant help carry out the abortion. Thomson argues that a bystanders freedom and right to refuse to lay hands on another person does not hinder the mothers chance to live, but instead leaves room for others to possibly want to intervene. While Thomson believes that a mother has the right to decide what she wants done to her body, Marquis argues that personhood is irrelevant to the ethics of abortion because killing anyone who has a potential future is wrong. Starting off with Thomson, she asserts that due to the fact that the mother has prior claim to her own body, she thus possesses the right to choose the outcome for her body. For whatever reason if she feels that an abortion would be best for her, no one has the right to tell her otherwise. They can refuse to perform the operation, but they cannot think and judge for the mother as to what is better for her body or her life. The mother is a fully-grown person with a functional body while the fetus is a clump of cells within that body. The mother has prior claim over her body because she has matured with it whereas a fetus does not have a body of its own yet and relies on living inside the mothers body to develop it. For this reason of dependence, the fetus does not have the right to use the mothers body as a means for survival especially since it is the mothers, not fetuss, body. Marquis deems this concept as personhood comparing the mothers notion of a person to the fetuss notion of a potential person. However, he does not think that the category of personhood is what determines abortion ethically wrong. Instead, it is the future of a standard fetus [that] includes a set of experiences, projects and activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that [makes] abortion prima facie seriously morally wrong (Marquis, 1989, p. 31). Prima facie, in this case, refers to abortion being intuitively wrong. The value of a potential persons (fetus) future is so great that it is incommensurable. It is the sum of all there is to life and to deprive someone of that natural gift is wrong. Just because a fetus isnt physically a person yet doesnt mean that it wont possess the same future as a currently developed human being. If anything, the fetus wont even have the chance to prove that it has a valuable future if a mother decides to abort it. After critically evaluating both sides to the argument, I agree more with Thomsons view that a mother has the right to decide what she wants done to her body even if that means aborting the baby. Assuming that the mother wants an abortion, my central argument is that she holds the right to have this desire because its her own body. This assertion is similar to my previous summary of Thomsons overall argument except it disregards the notion of a third party. We, as human beings, exist throughout life by the physical body we possess. Our bodies grow and develop as we age and are a part of who we are so we have prior claim over it. Due to this responsibility we have over our bodies, we are then allowed to decide how we use it and ultimately, what the outcome of it would be. Thomson uses the metaphor of the mother owning the house or body in which the child is in. The fact that she does adds to the offensiveness of deducing that the mother can do nothing (Thomson, 1971, p. 53). It is ins ulting and wrong to tell a woman that she cannot do what she wishes to her body when in fact, it is her body and her own life. The mother has a special relationship with the fetus that no one else can have. Who are we, as human beings, to tell another equal human being that they cannot go through with abortion when its not even our own child? However, Marquis argues that it doesnt matter whose body or child it is, abortion is wrong because it deprivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦what [the fetus] would come to value (Marquis, 1989, p. 29). It is true that removing the ability to live also takes away the potential value of a fetuss future, but nevertheless, that is the mothers decision. Im sure its already hard enough for the mother to weigh the costs and benefits of wanting an abortion, so we should leave the decision up to the womans moral conscience. Her body, not anyone elses, is the means to which this fetus is even existing so she has the right to stop providing that life support whenever she pleases regardless of how much potential value that fetus can experience when it grows into an adult. The possibility of a future-like-ours is not strong enough to strip away the mothers right and control over her own body because the fetuss value is uncertain. However, an objection to this argument would be that allowing the mother to decide to abort her baby is murder. Marquis agrees with this opposition because a fetus is biologically human and it is wrong to kill beings who are biologically human (Marquis, 1989, p. 30). Containing human tissues and DNA, the fetus possesses genetic attributes that constitute it as biologically human. Given that Marquis does not address the physical qualities of the fetus, it is implied that bodily features do no hinder the scientific fact that a fetus is biologically human. Although at first sight, the fetus looks very different from a fully grown person, its early stages of life are still part of the process of becoming a human being so Marquis considers that killing a fetus is the same is murdering a human being. Using Thomsons argument of a right to life as a basis, I think otherwise. The fact that the fetus is already relying on the mothers body for its existence is natural since being pregnant invol ves carrying a potential child around. Yet, this does not mean that the fetus has a right to continue to use the mothers body in order to live. Nobody has a right to use your [body] unless you give him such a right (Thomson, 1971, p. 55). It is a privilege, if not, gift for the fetus to already be making use of the mothers body, with her consent, before she comes to a decision whether or not she wants to keep the baby. Conversely, once the mother reaches a conclusion that she wants an abortion, thereby meaning that she doesnt want to give the fetus a right to use her body, she has every right to do so. Its not murder if the fetus was the mothers own creation and she has the authority and right to decide what she wants to do with that creation. A rebuttal to this argument is that abortion cant really be murder if the fetus is not an actual person, but just a clump of cells. [The] fetus is not a person, but only a bit of tissue that will become a person at birth; and why pay out more arguments than you have to? (Thomson, 1971, p. 48). Just from the last question, it is already evident that Thomson advocates the notion that the fetus isnt a person even though she does not elaborate on why for arguments sake. I would like to elaborate based on my reasoning that this claim is true if we apply it to any scenario. Thomson uses another analogy regarding an acorn is not an oak tree just like a newly fertilized ovum is not a person. An egg is not a chicken and so forth. Yes, the clump of cells has the potential to be a full-grown person, but we cannot live in the future when the present hasnt been decided on yet. Presently speaking, we are not murdering a person, we are simply killing the potential of the fetus to become one. Howeve r, Marquis argues that this potential is vital to the process of life and eliminating that is deliberately terminating or murdering a human. Once again, the concept of a future-like-ours comes into play. He states that that the greatest loss in a persons life is the loss of life. The loss of ones life deprives one of all the experiences, activities, and enjoyments that would otherwise have constituted ones future (Marquis, 1989, p. 29). Although the fetus cannot value all these opportunities, it will value them in the future as it is born and grows older. I can agree that life itself is the greatest gift of all, but I have to reiterate the fact that the future cannot define the present. If someone is not capable of experiencing what life has to offer, it is unfortunate but not considered murder for the owner (mother) of that person (fetus) to want to take away what is rightfully hers, which is the babys future. Also, abortion is made legal by law with the Roe vs. Wade case. Since mu rder is illegal in the United States, how can abortion be considered murder if it is declared legal by the government? Abortion should not be considered murder not only because a fetus is not an actual person, but also due to the fact that the law permits this operation. Although Thomson and Marquis both make convincing cases, I ultimately agree more with Thomson on the mother having the right to request an abortion because it is her body. My central argument revolves around Thomsons notion that the motion has prior claim over her body, which allows her to decide what she wants to do with it and I declare that Marquiss defense of the wrongness of taking away a fetuss potential for a valuable future is nevertheless still up to the mother because she created the fetus. I then provided an objection to this argument by stating that regardless of whose body it is, abortion is considered murder supported by Marquiss belief that the fetus is biologically human which makes killing it the same as murdering a human being. However, I dismissed this account by using Thomsons argument and saying that its already a privilege for the fetus to be in the mothers body as a means for survival, so aborting it would not be murder if the mother previously allowed the baby to use or occupy her body. Finally, my rebuttal to this is that abortion cannot be murder if the fetus is not an actual human being, but just a clump of cells. This opinion rests on Thomsons view that the possibility of being human is not to be mistaken for the reality of the situation, which is that the fetus is currently just an embryo. I rejected Marquiss idea that this potential encompasses all that life has to offer and depriving it would be murdering because of the absurdity that abortion is deemed murder when the state of law rules it legal.

Technology in Teaching and Learning Essay -- Education Technology

Educational technologies are being utilized in every way shape and form, from inline gaming to numeracy, literacy and painting by numbers. From learning to leisure we have embraced the internet, in online chat rooms we communicate, interact and move into future learning through educational programmes and technology that lets us learn virtually. Instruction and directions are sent across cyberspace which change perceptions and give us an insight into different cultures far away across the other side of the world .The enigma that is cyberspace has the capacity to change our way of thinking, learning and teaching, and it is this teaching aspect that most interests me. As classroom based beings, teachers and the technological movement ebb slowly toward each other as interactive learners push educational boundaries into virtual reality. This assignment will attempt to show the importance of internet connections for interactive learners. As communication is the main aim of any interface, society in the main has accepted these progressive technologies and as our willingness to integrate this mechanically driven entity into our lives draws education into our very living rooms, for some though the challenge of engagement continues, especially for those with learning difference. Developing learning for students with difference has always confronted society with a dilemma; nevertheless the technological age of interactive education has increased access to learning for all those who are willing to take up the challenge. Traditional teaching methods have taken a backwards step and the cyber spaced virtual reality of online has in my view, rightfully taken its place at the classroom. In the Community Engagement Department where I teach a... ... of Inquiry into Higher Education, (NCIHE) (1997) Dearing, R. Higher Education in the Learning Society. Report of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education. London: NCIHE Publications (HMSO). Ehrich, R, W., Reaux, R, A., (1998) PCs for families: a study of early intervention using networked computing in education, Journal of Educational Computing Research, 19(4), p.383-410. Stefani, L., Nicol, D., (1997) From teacher to facilitator of collaborative enquiry, in: Armstrong, S., Thompson, G., and Brown, S., (Eds) Facing up to Radical Changes in Universities and Colleges London: Kogan. Tapscott, D. (1998). Growing up digital: The rise of the net generation. New York: McGraw-Hill.(p.16) York, M. (2003) Formative assessment in Higher Education: moves towards theory and the enhancement of pedagogic practice, Higher Education, 45(4), pp.477-501.

Environment Obligation of Chevron Corporation

Corporate Environment Obligation: An examination of the performance of Chevron Corporation Nowadays, increasing customers worried about the negative effects that large companies put on environment especially some energy industries. Chevron Corporation is one of largest multinational energy corporations in the world which has branch offices in more than 100 countries. It is engaged in all the aspects of gas and crude oil, which include exploration, production, marketing, chemicals manufacturing and so on (Chevron Corporation. n. d. ).Although Chevron produce energy to power economic growth of America, even the whole world, the environmental problems it caused has aroused great public concern. This essay analyses the environmental contamination caused by Chevron Corporation operation, specifically in two cases: environmental atrocity in the Ecuador and Brazil oil spills. On the other hand, it describes some positive measures that Chevron takes to protect the environment which is focus on the following areas: protecting the environment, respecting biodiversity and preserving freshwater resources.The case against Chevron Corporation In order to satisfy the tremendous oil demand of America, Chevron drill for more oil in other countries all over the world which heavily harm the ecosystems and communities in many countries such as Africa, South American and other nations. As a frontrunner in energy industry, Chevron also wants to gain more profit. For example, despite of the economic recession in 2008, Chevron still planned to increase total revenues by 25%, which is approximately $263 billion US Dollar.Chevron was concerned with environmental practices and business coincidentally, leading to huge environmental damage in some countries especially in Ecuador where the largest environmental lawsuit took place in the world. Early in the 1960s, Chevron began to prospect oil in Ecuador. It got a lot of money and then ran, leaving many environmental problems in the country (Julie, S. 2009 ). On February 28, 2011, Chevron Corporation was fined over $19 billion dollars by Ecuadorian Court because the oil and gas operations severely damaged the Amazon rainforest in Ecuador (Mark, W. 011). There are a lot of evidences showing Chevron destroy the Amazon rainforest in Ecuador. In order to reduce cost, Chevron dumped more than 18 billion gallons of poisonous waste into Amazon waterways during 1964 to 1990. These waste caused seriously environmental pollution to six indigenous groups in Amazon rainforest and at present, one of them is extinct and other five groups lost majority of their ancestral lands. Chevron also abandoned a large quantity of waste pits which are filled with noxious sludge that contain carcinogens like benzene and chromium VI to Amazon forest.In the past few decades, these toxic substances migrated into soils, groundwater and stream that are the main source of drinking water for local residents. The toxins may cause reproductive problems, immune system damage, nervous system impairment and a number of other health problem to human beings ( Chevron’s Top Ten Lies: Chevron’s Ten Biggest Lies About the Ecuador Suit. n. d. ). In 2011 December, Chevron Corporation was imposed a fine of over $10 billion by Brazilian federal prosecutors due to environmental contamination caused by oil spill in northeastern coast of Rio de Janeiro state.The crude oil began to leak on 7 November caused by underestimating the pressure in an underwater reservoir which led to oil rush up a bore hole of a drilling platform and then ran into seabed around it. The oil spilled out from more than 7 narrow fissures at the bottom of the sea. Finally, the oil leak was under control until the end of November but there was still some residual oil seeping from the crevices. In addition, Chevron Corporation lack of environmental planning and management.According to an investigation by the attorney general’s office, Chevron did not have the capability to control the pollution that was caused by the spill of about 3000 barrels of oil. Chevron was criticized harshly by the petroleum regulatory agency and local ministry because it did not share the oil spills information at the beginning and did not have any emergency equipment to deal with such situation on hand. (Brazil Sues Oil Giant Chevron For $10. 85 Billion Over Offshore Leak. 2011). The case for Chevron CorporationOn the contrary, Chevron Corporation continuously optimizes its operating processes to reduce waste and pollution and to preserve natural resources as well as environment. In 2007, Chevron has developed an Environmental, Social and Health Impact Assessment (ESHIA) process to evaluate new project for health and environmental impacts. ESHIA process is used to minimize the serious negative impacts and to enhance the benefits when a project is being planned, operated and decommissioned. Stakeholder engagement is the most mportant aspect to this process t hroughout the life of a project. EDHIS has already been applied for about 700 capital projects all over the world, for instance the Frade Field in the Campos Basin offshore Brazil. Chevron Brasil is cooperating with Federal University of Rio Grande to research the species and distribution of marine mammals like dolphins and whales in Frade Field area. The purpose of this project is to identify and monitor the congregation area of dolphins and whales and establish the conservation areas ( Environment. 2011)Diversity ecosystem plays a significant role in sustainable development by providing necessary economic benefits to the whole society and human beings, like clothing, food, fuel, shelter and so on. However, the natural biodiversity in most area of the world is under serious threat in modern society. Chevron is committed to preserve the biodiversity of the environment (Biodiversity Statement. 2011). one of the most successful example is Salak Project of Chevron. The Gunung Halimun S alak National Park is the largest primitive forest in Indonesia which is quite near from the nation’s capital, Jakarta.The main task of Chevron in Salak is to produce energy to support the economic growth of Indonesia. At the same time, Chevron is working closely with park rangers, local farmers and international wildlife groups to preserve some endangered animals in the area, like hawk eagles, leopards and gibbons. Through this project, Chevron proves to the public that environmental protection and energy production can coexist peacefully (Delivering Energy, Respecting Nature. n. d. ). Fresh water is a basic economic and environmental resource.As an international corporation, Chevron recognizes that preserving useful water is necessary to their business and communities. Because of this reason, an integrated freshwater management strategy was developed by Chevron to enhance the water management process throughout the whole company. Also, a global position statement on fresh w ater was developed to emphasize this significant resource. In Kem County, Chevron cooperated with the Cawelo Water District, providing the local farmers water for agricultural.Water is one of the most important byproduct of the steamflooding technology which Chevron use to coax crude oil from underground. In California, Chevron collaborated with two water treatment plants to reform ponds which were used by Chevron before. The new use of the ponds is to prevent sewage from flowing into San Francisco Bay during large storms (Environment. 2011). Conclusion Overall, the behavior of Chevron Corporation to the environment has been amalgamated. On positive side, Chevron developed the ESHIA process to evaluate new project which minimize the negative impacts to environment.At the same time, Chevron always combines biodiversity considerations into their ESHIA process when evaluating a project or make a decision. In their Salak Project, Chevron protects the endangered animals in the area while they are producing energy. The project could also benefit different stakeholders, such as the local farmers, and encourage them to protect the environment. In addition, Chevron commits itself to preserving freshwater resource, so an integrated corporate freshwater management strategy as well as a global position statement on fresh water was developed to protect this critical resource.However, in order to get tidy profit, Chevron leaves huge environmental problems to a number of countries. There are many evidences showing that Chevron did not perform the social responsibilities to environment. In Ecuador, Chevron dumped a large quantity of poisonous waste into Amazon rainforest which seriously damage the ecological balance in that area. In addition, some waste they abandoned contains carcinogenic chemicals which may lead to reproductive problems, immune system problem to local residents. Public expect that the activities of Chevron do not harm the environment as much as possible.How ever, driven by the huge interest, the company contaminate natural environment to a large extent. Also it is shown that Chevron lack of environmental planning and management. In the Brazil oil spills, Chevron did not have the capability to control the pollution caused by oil spill. Even though Chevron was heavily fined as a punishment, the environmental problems it caused can not be solved. The negative environmental effects of Chevron Corporation far outweigh its positive impacts, resulting in an unsatisfactory environmental effort. References: Biodiversity Statement. 2011. http://www. chevron. om/globalissues/ environment/ biodiversity/ (accessed March 22, 2012) Brazil Sues Oil Giant Chevron For $10. 85 Billion Over Offshore Leak. 2011. http://articles. businessinsider. com/2011-12-15/news/30518769_1_oil-drilling-brazilian-officials-leak (accessed March 22, 2012) CHEVRON CORPORATION. n. d. http://www. texaco. com/trust-texaco/ chevron-corp. aspx (accessed March 19, 2012) Chevronâ €™s Top Ten Lies: Chevron’s Ten Biggest Lies About the Ecuador Suit. n. d. http://www. texacotoxico. org/eng/node/278 (accessed March 21, 2012) Delivering Energy, Respecting Nature. n. d. http://www. chevron. om/stories /#/allstories/salakrespectingnature/producingenergyrespectfully/ (accessed March 23, 2012) Environment. 2011. http://www. chevron. com/globalissues/environment/ (accessed March , 2012) Julie, S. 2009. â€Å"60 Minute† exposes Chevron’s environmental atrocity in the Amazon. http://matadornetwork. com/change/60-minutes-exposes-chevrons-environmental-atrocity-in-the-amazon/ (accessed March 20, 2012) Mark, W. 2011. Aguinda v. Chevron Corporation – Environmental Justice or Sham? http://www. acoel. org/post/2011/04/15/Aguinda-v-Chevron-Corporation-Environmental-Justice-or-Sham-. aspx (accessed March 20, 2012)

Dean College Essay

During my year at Dean College, apart from putting efforts in enhancing my academic performance, I had been working as a peer tutor in the Learning Center. The Learning Center provides materials and information to enhance students’ learning skills, ability and their knowledge on the content of subjects. My role is to offer content assistance in the areas of Economics, English and Mathematics, but would often cross-tutor in several other areas such as Criminal Justice, writing, and general study skills. Experiencing the success in assisting other students and receiving good feedbacks had gained me a really joyful work experience as a peer tutor. I had a relatively different idea of being a peer tutor, since students usually went to the learning center for quick review on their essays which were due shortly. I had been working hard in marketing strategies, whereas creating an atmosphere of a place that they can spare their time here to concentrate, a place where combine the characteristics of library and private tutors. In this place, they can concentrate on their studies, with rich resources like computer stations, printers and reference books. Moreover, to make them feel more comfortable, they won’t feel like they are being tagged as doing bad on academics, since tutors no longer wear staff tags. They will feel more confidence on themselves in this way. I think that it is essential to create a certain sort of relationship right off the bat with the person you are tutoring. It is important to make the student feel that we are also students that are continually learning and also willing to contribute out ideas and point of view with them. There is a major difference between a peer tutor and a teacher. I believe that peer tutors do not judge and on top of that, they do not give out grades! It is also easier for tutors to come out and say that they do not know all the answers. Many times, a student can have trouble in class but never address these questions to their teachers for many different reasons. One of them could be because they are afraid of talking in front of a larger group of students. Another reason could be because they might feel that their question is stupid. These reasons could inhibit a student from learning and understanding the material. I think that as a peer tutor, I am able to help these students on a one-on-one basis. I think that my experiece gained from this job is very meaningful and has helped me a lot in the way to communicate with others in a more positive and encouraging way. Helping others makes me feel more satisfied with my performance and has definitely given me a lot more confidence that I can assist others even though I may have shortcomings. These students learn something from me as a peer tutor and on the other hand, I learn a lot of things from the students who have sought for my help.

Micro lab quiz Essay Example

Micro lab quiz Essay Example Micro lab quiz Paper Micro lab quiz Paper The Gram Stain Compare and contrast simple and differential stalling techniques. Simple Stalling Simple stalling Is useful In determining the basic morphology of an organism. Simple stalling Involves only one reagent I. E. Crystal violet, basic fuchsia, or methyl blue. Simple dyes used to stain bacteria have a positive charge cationic (+), therefore, they are attracted to the bacteria that are usually negatively charged anionic (-) Depends on the fact that bacteria differ chemically from their surroundings and thus can be attained with their environments Simple stains are used to provide contrast between specimen and background Differential Staining Bacteria react differently to the multiple reagents that are used I. E. Gram Stain = Crystal violet, Grams Iodine, 95% ethyl alcohol, and sassafras. I. E. Acid-fast stain Can distinguish between 2 types of bacteria because bacteria differ from one another chemically and physically to react differently to a given staining procedure. State the purpose of the Gram stain. The Gram stain separates bacteria Into two major groups: Gram positives that stain rupee, and Gram negatives that stain pink or red. Primary Stain Crystal violet; Mordant = Grams Iodine; Decolonize = 95% ethyl alcohol; Countersink = Seafaring. Perform and interpret a Gram stain. Gram positive = stains purple Gram negative = stains pink or red Discuss the consequences of deviations from proper Gram staining technique. If there is deviation from gram staining, gram positive bacteria may stain and look like they are gram negative, or vice versa. Exercise 10 Miscellaneous Staining State the purpose of the acid-fast, endoscope, and capsule stains. Acid-Fast Stain Another example of a differential stain. Seed to diagnose diseases like Tuberculosis. Stains mycobacterium which cause tuberculosis Mycobacterium contains mycology acid (waxy substance) in the cell wall and it makes the organism very slow-growing and thus difficult to isolate and identify. Endoscope Stain Stain bacteria with endoscopes such as Colostomies and Bacillus. Because of their nearly impenetrable cell walls, the Gram-stain method will not stain endoscopes; therefore, this specialized staining method Is necessary. Schaeffer-Fulton Method uses malachite green stain with heat and sassafras for a countersink. The endoscope ill stain green and the surrounding vegetative cell will stain pink. Capsule Stains (Negative Stain) To identify bacteria with capsules, since capsules do not stain with simple staining or gram-stalling one moment uses engrossing (or IANAL Ink), wanly stalls ten Docudrama black. Crystal violet is used as a countersink to stain the bacterial cell, thus making the capsule visible as a clear halo around the cell. Capsule = when slime layer is highly symmetrical and organized; play a role in the virulence (disease-causing ability) of some bacteria. Describe the purpose of endoscopes, and compare and entrants two common genera that produce them. Endoscopes allow bacteria to survive in extreme environmental conditions such as heat, cold, or drought. Survive extreme heat, lack of water, and many toxic chemicals and radiation due to them being highly durable, dehydrated cells with thick cell walls. Unique to certain genera of bacteria Colostomies Anaerobic Extremely pathogenic Gram positive, spore forming, bacilli (rods) Bacillus Aerobic Pathogenic but easier to get rid of than colostomies. Describe the purpose of a capsule. Capsule Gives cell its virulence factor: anything bacteria have evolved to make them more tightening Prevent phagocytes which means antibodies against the bacteria are useless and ineffective. Exercise 11 Culture Media Preparation Compare and contrast the uses of general-purpose, selective and differential media, and provide examples of each. General-purpose Media These are nonconsecutive primary isolation media used for culturing a wide variety of microorganisms. Consists of beef extract, potent, and agar. Ex: Nutrient Agar and Broth, TTS plates Selective Media Allow only certain types of bacteria to grow Usually have inhibitory substances that restrict the growth of other unwanted bacteria. Ex: Columbia (CAN) Media Differential Media Contains various substances that cause some bacteria to take on a different appearance from other species. Ex: EMBED (Eosin Methyl Blue) Calculate proportions necessary to make different amounts of culture media when given a recipe. He weight nouvelle known-?the weight wanted volume wanted Discuss the importance of sterilization in medium preparation, state the conditions under which complete sterilization occurs, and name the equipment used to achieve it. Sterilization of culture media is done to eliminate contaminating microorganisms from the environment. Complete sterilization occurs at 250 degrees Fahrenheit (121. 6 degrees Celsius) at 1 5 pounds per square inch (SSI) of steam pressure. Autoclaves provide this type of sterilization. Exercise 12 I en streak Plate Ana colony Morphology Describe the purpose and principle of the streak plate. Used to isolate bacteria colonies and helps to obtain a pure culture for further studies. The more streaks, the more the bacteria will be diluted until, in theory, only one cell is left to grow and give rise to a colony of the same bacteria. Explain why Petri plates are incubated in an inverted position. Lessens the risk of contamination of other microbes settling on them and to prevent water condensation that might compromise a culture. Describe how colonies form on a Petri plate and explain why isolation is an important procedure in microbiology. Isolation is an important procedure in microbiology because it helps to obtain a pure culture for further studies. Without a pure culture, you would not be able to tell if the bacteria was what you really wanted to look at or not Since bacteria of the same species will produce nearly identical colonies, isolation will confirm whether or not a pure culture was obtained. Exercise 13 Specimen Transport Ubiquity of Microorganisms Describe the principle and purpose of RADAR plates, and apply the guidelines for evaluating degree of surface contamination. Used for the detection and enumeration of microorganisms present on surfaces of sanitary importance. Replicate Organism Detection Counting Colonies per RADAR Plate GOOD = 0-25; FAIR = 26-50; POOR = 50 and over Describe the importance of quality control (ICQ) in microbiology in general, and the Gram stain in particular Generally: to verify a satisfactory level of freedom from contamination, To demonstrate the erect performance of the medium when used in the usual or widely accepted manner, Ensure against significant physical imperfections that may compromise the utility of the media. Gram Stain To be sure that you stained the organism correctly Also, to make sure that the stains are working the way they should e: gram-positives come out purple, and gram-negatives come out pink Important when trying to identify unknowns Exercise 14 Hand-Washing State the importance of hand washing before and after microbiological procedures, including the use of disinfectant when scrubbing for a medical procedure. Washing our hands before microbiological procedures is important because you decrease the chance of contaminating any cultures you work with. After microbiological procedures, you probably have a lot of contaminants (transient bacteria) on your hands that can make you sick. Washing your hands kills some of these and decreases your chance of becoming sick afterwards. Using disinfectant when scrubbing for a medical procedure is important so that you provide a sterile environment for the procedure so that you do not cause an infection in a patient. Define the terms monoclonal, contaminant, transient and resident as they apply to agrarianism. Monoclonal Intentions = Intentions Tanat are spread In a nonstop environment Patient did not have the infection before she came into the hospital; newly acquired from the hospital. Transient Bacteria = Contaminants that are not part of the normal human flora; may be present for a finite time. Resident Bacteria = Permanent residents of normal human flora Contaminants = Bacteria that you do not want present in a culture medium; Also, bacteria that are not part of the normal flora. Exercise 15 Bacterial Plate Counts Use the plate count technique to calculate bacterial density in a sample. Serial dilutions? Perform serial dilutions using serological and digital pipettes. Perform dilution problems [FINAL (SCUFFS/NIL)] = COLONY FORMING UNITS (SCUFFS) / VENUE PLATED (ml) [ORIGINAL (SCUFFS/ml)] = [FINAL] / DILUTION FACTOR Define the terms COIF, aliquot, diluted, dilution factor, TNT, and TFTP. COIF = colony forming unit Number of colonies that you count Must be between 30-300 colonies Aliquot = Smaller volume withdrawn from a total sample volume. Diluted = Fluid used to dilute a sample. Dilution factor = Fraction by which original sample concentration is diluted. TNT -? Too Numerous To Count = Colony count is greater than 300 TFTP = Too Few To Count Colony count is less than 30 Explain the convention of only counting plates that have between 30 and 300 colonies. Counts over 300 colonies are considered invalid because of overcrowding that may cause two or more bacteria to form a single colony; also, they are too tedious to count accurately. Counts under 30 colonies are invalid because there may have been a sampling error. Exercise 16 Bacterial Growth Characteristics A: Osmotic Pressure Describe osmotic pressure and how it affects a cell. Osmotic pressure is the pressure that water exerts on a cell from either leaving the ell (hypersonic conditions) or entering the cell (hypotonic conditions) The force that is exerted to maintain the concentration differences between solutions on opposite sides of the membrane. Hypersonic Conditions = water moves out of the cell causing it to create or shrink Hypotonic conditions = water moves into the cell causing the cell to else or explode Isotonic conditions = No net water movement, no osmotic pressure. Most bacteria exist at hypotonic solutions Some can exist in hypersonic solutions = wholesale. B: Oxygen Describe and recognize facultative anaerobe, strict robe, retaliation anaerobe, obligate anaerobe. Facultative anaerobes They can grow with or without oxygen, but grow better with oxygen because they can utilize It! In ethnologically meal, It wall owe Tuna more towards ten top (oxygen) can still be seen throughout the tube. Strict robe Cannot survive without oxygen. Found at top of technologically where oxygen is. Retaliation anaerobe Cannot utilize oxygen to grow, but can tolerate it. Found throughout the tube, but gathers more at the bottom where there is less oxygen. Obligate (Strict) Anaerobe Cannot exist in presence of oxygen Oxygen is toxic to them. Found at very bottom of technologically tube. Microelectronic bacteria Grow best when the atmosphere has increased CA (carbon dioxide) and lower concentrations of oxygen are present. Found near middle of technologically tube. Know the parts of the anaerobe Jar and how it works.

Dress Codes in Schools †Dressing for Success

Dress Codes in Schools – Dressing for Success Free Online Research Papers Smiling and happy faces come through the doors of the school. All of them are teenagers with similar needs and similar purposes. They come to learn to be successful men and women in the future, yet when they are looked upon; their differences show they are not united. When entering the school, you will notice that students are separated in areas like the classroom, the hallways, and the cafeteria. Students are not separated by their race or color of skin, but by their manners of dressing. At many schools, it becomes easy to divide students into groups; there are groups of students who wear clothes that are as pretty as they are expensive. â€Å"Pretty† appears to many as name brand clothes that expose more flesh than necessary. Likewise, there are students famously known as â€Å"skaters,† with chains around their hands, pockets, and waists. Additionally, they often wear pants that are baggy enough to fit two people and threaten to fall down their hips. There are also those who manage to be between those two extreme categories and dress casually. For those reasons, with the implementation of a dress code, students will have to follow strict guidelines in dressing appropriately. For Instance, schools can elimina te the wearing of chains and mandate wearing fitted belts. Therefore, the implementation of a dress code for elementary and secondary public schools offers several benefits that have a positive effect on the school community. The anxiety over safety in public schools has led school administrators in the direction of implementing strict dress codes and uniform policies. Despite long-standing attention to the problem, there is a growing perception that not all public schools are safe places of learning, and media reports highlight specific school-based violent acts. Crime in and around schools threatens the well being of students, school staff, and communities. Many may argue that dress codes threaten students’ individual rights of free expression; nevertheless, it is the responsibility of school officials to create a safe learning environment for children (Paliokas, 7). Children wearing expensive or fashionable clothes such as Nike, G-Unit, Guess, and Baby Phat Jeans become victims of theft. Dress codes offer many benefits that forbid competition and violence among students. Competition among students regarding clothing turns violent and certain fashion accessories or attire is used as weapons or as a means to conceal weapons. For example, oversized shirts and baggy pants can be easily used to hide guns, knives, and drugs that can be carried into schools. In order to reduce violence, many schools have implemented a dress code with the hope to prohibit students from wearing a wide range of specific items including gang related attire and insigma, such as bandannas, certain colors, and hats. Additionally, implementing a strict dress code assists school officials to identify nonstudents, trespassers, and other visitors. Mandating a dress code has huge effects on the educational environment. California’s Long Beach School District has seen noticeable improvement with descending crime rates since the implementation of a mandatory student dress policy. Statistics show that crime has decreased by ninety-one percent, suspensions have decreased by ninety percent, sex offenses have been reduced by ninety-six percent, and vandalism is down sixty-nine percent (Daniels, 22). Academic success is another reason to employ a dress code in elementary and secondary public schools. Wearing a uniform to school takes the center of attention away from what students wear and places it more on what the student is learning. Students who are focused on the school environment as opposed to what their peers are thinking of their clothes will have better test scores. However, when a student is worried about whether or not they are going to get assaulted to and from school or at school because of gear their grades begin to soar downhill. Some students will then lose interest on academics and focus more so toward the undue stress of other student’s cruel behaviors toward them. Implementing a school uniform will be a success because all students will look similar and students will concentrate on their academic performance in school. According to Daniels, â€Å"Students dress policy also reduces the cost of clothing for students† (Daniels, 27). Many families do not have the money to buy expensive clothing for their children to wear to school. Thus, parents benefit because they are saving money on no longer having to buy the latest fashions. Most school uniforms are cost effective and easily accessible for parents to obtain. Furthermore, a parent shopping for children becomes an effortless task because they are following strict guidelines when purchasing clothing for school. For example, at Lansing School District’s, Pattengill Middle School, children can only wear certain colored pants and shirts. The acceptable colors for pants are blue, black, brown, and beige. The hues for shirts are navy blue, light blue, red, black, and white. Many school districts have turned to dress codes and uniform policies to promote a better learning environment. Statistics prove that school related criminal incidents have decreased significantly and academic performance has been enhanced. The learning process is uninterrupted with the fashionable clothing and accessories because all students are dressed alike. Also, many families cannot afford expensive clothing and as a result of an implemented dress code, parents do not have to feel pressured into buying high end clothing. For that reason, a dress code serves several purposes that promote a more positive outcome than negative for the learning environment. Research Papers on Dress Codes in Schools - Dressing for SuccessStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic Engineering19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Analysis

Analysis tunny style of writing. It helps to relax and raises mood. Sophie Kinsellas books are an excellent sample of chick 11t Actually, chick 11t genre Is a kind of Informal substyle of belles-letters style. The main feature of the style in which Sophie works is subject oriented toa women. In her work. she covers a wide range of pressing issues such as Issues of modern womanhood, relationship Issues, often humorously and lightheartedly. Our text under consideration taken from Sophie Kinsellas book Twenties Girl is nota typical chick lit novel, in the narration is added some element of fantasy, which Is not typical for this genre. However, this element Is necessary for the concept of the plot. Twenties Girl follows the story of Lara, niece toa millionaire guy called Bill Lington who runs a successful coffee chain all over the world. Lara is an rdinary twenty-something business-lady who works at a head-hunting company she set up with her best friend Natalie, right until she decides to disappear, leaving her In the lurch, not having the slightest clue what to do or how to run the company all alone. To make things even worse, her mother has anxiety problems, she just broke up with her boyfriend Josh and to top It all, she has to attend her great-aunts funeral as well. At the funeral of Sadie Lancaster (Laras great-aunt) where the whole family gathered were no flowers or even a photo of the deceased. And at this moment Sadie appears as a ghost but as it turns out, only Lara can see and hear her, no one else. Action of the extract under discussion takes place nowadays In London at the funeral of Sadie Lancaster, where people are not interested in her life while she was alive. came to see her out in the last journey. Her relatives, who look like a celebrity magazine come to life did not express any regret about her death. No flowers, no lovely smell, no singing this proposal, the author shows us the oppressive silence. Guilty silence among the people, who did not even knchN what she liked to do. Shes wearing a cardigan In the picture. Maybe she knitted It. Maybe she liked knitting. Each of them was just waiting for the end of it all. Laras cousin texting on her mobile and keeps looking at her watch, Uncle Bill sprawled on the chair and aunt Trudy, who gives a sudden click ot the tongue ,remem ¶ered about the photo only after a vicars question. I believe, that this passage conve ys the root Idea: emotional state of the main character. Lara, who came at the funeral of a stranger, who, nevertheless, was one of her relative. The second main point of this extract is the idea of disunity In the Lancasters family: they were not only Indifferent to the destiny of their relative, moreover they did not regret about her death. This text, from the logical point of view. can be roughly divided into two parts. The first part begins with Laras interior monologue describing her feelings caused by the need to come to the funeral and the narration shows us relatives came to the funeral and describes their manner of ehavior, thereby implying the atmosphere of indifference that prevailed at the tuneral. The second part describes the key, in my opinion, moment in the plot ot the moment when Lara heard a voice that belonged to her great-aunt, Sadie Lancaster. All characters described by the author look bright and vividly, as if you take part in occurring events. Characters of secondary characters such as Uncle Bill, his wife Trudy and their daughter Diamant are transmitted through their actions. Obviously, the main Character is Lara. The author leads narration from her face, and thereby allows us to penetrate into her inner world. Tautology Ð’Â «my whole entire life, used in Laras words when she thought about feelings of depression because of the funeral, characterizes her as a very emotional girl, but at the same time, she seems very sane, when she tries to convince herself that the voice she heard Just a fgment of her imagination. The second main character of this text can be called aunt Sadies ghost. The author introduces her first description through the photo made in the last years of her life. The author uses hyperbole Her face is folded over a million lines and the metaphor her hair is a translucent puff of candy floss to show how old was this woman. It is impossible to characterize Sadies character proceeding only from this extract. I think in the further course of the narrative author will describe it more detail. The general atmosphere of the extract under analysis causes mixed feelings. Heavvy atmosphere of the funeral mixed with unexpected turn of plot in a quite mystical way and a little bit comical moment when Lara talking to a ghost of her reat-aunt denies her existence- all this creates a mixed feeling, which makes us interested in the further development of the events. Acquaintance with this extract became a discovery for me. Kinsellas writing is something that I absolutely adore you cant help clinging to every word she says, every word she puts down on paper its amazing. She writes with such ease and depth that she can attract her readers from the very first page. In my opinion, this text is wonderfully witty, laugh-out-loud funny and highly emotional at the same time.

Response of Grass to Chemical Fertilizers Research Paper

Response of Grass to Chemical Fertilizers - Research Paper Example Do not put any fertilizer in pot E-1, 2 & 3 (Control). 6. Place all pots in lighted area 7. Water plants daily at noon or arrange automatic drip irrigation system 8. Measure plants at noon at 10 days intervals with ruler and record in notebook in units of millimeters for 50 days 9. Uproot 5 plants randomly from each pot at 5 days interval and record the oven dry weight for 50 days. Observations /Results: The data were analyzed by using statistical method for test of significance at 1% and / or 5% level of significance. In this experiment there are 5 treatments i.e 15-15-15, 46-0-0, 0-16-0, 0-0-60 and no fertilizer (Control) were replicated thrice resulting in 15 experimental units (pots).The design required is Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Table-1: Grass height (mm) at 10 DAS as affected by types of chemical fertilizers. Replications Treatments Replication Total Mean I II III 15-15-15 16 15 17 48 16 46-0-0 11 13 11 35 11.7 0-16-0 10 9 10 29 9.7 0-60-0 10 11 10 31 10.3 Control (No fertilizer) 9 10 8 27 9 Total 56 58 56 170 11.33 NB: DAS- Days after sowing Like wise all data for next dates recording grass height i.e. at 20DAS, 30DAS, 40DAS and finally 50DAS were analyzed by using CRD. Then the F value in ANOVA table is compared with the table value and then the significance is measured at 1% and / or 5% level. Finally the plant heights for all dates of observation are arranged in a single table for result discussion and conclusion. Table-6: Grass height (mm) as affected by fertilizer types at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50DAS DAS Treatments 10 20 30 40 50 15-15-15 16 25 38 48 56 46-0-0 11.7 16.3 19.6 24.5 29.2 0-16-0 9.7 12.9 14.8 15.9 18.6 0-0-60 10.3 13.4 15.3 18.3 19.5 Control (No fertilizer) 9 11.4 13.5 14.6 19.1 CD... The data were analyzed by using statistical method for test of significance at 1% and / or 5% level of significance. In this experiment there are 5 treatments i.e 15-15-15, 46-0-0, 0-16-0, 0-0-60 and no fertilizer (Control) were replicated thrice resulting in 15 experimental units (pots).The design required is Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Like wise all data for next dates recording grass height i.e. at 20DAS, 30DAS, 40DAS and finally 50DAS were analyzed by using CRD. Then the F value in ANOVA table is compared with the table value and then the significance is measured at 1% and / or 5% level. If the mean difference between 5 treatments was more than the CD then the application of chemical fertilizer did not have any significant effect on the grass height and they were at par with each other. If the difference exceeds the CD value then the treatments were different from each other or in other words the application of fertilizer was having significant effect on the grass height and dry matter accumulation. My original hypothesis was that application of chemical fertilizer (15-15-15) to soil would be better over the control. My results showed that application of chemical fertilizer was having significant effect on the grass height and dry matter accumulation over the same period of growth.

The answers on questions on accountability Essay

The answers on questions on accountability - Essay Example The feeling of accountability amongst the government personnel has been critical in Britain ranging from previous decades in history. Many people have gone to greater extents and in situations where decisions are difficult to make to the extent of resignation from their various responsibilities. Individuals feel that the situations might be unfortunate yet they have to do what is to be done. In normal situations, the conventional understanding of ministerial accountability, in which ministers are answerable to Parliament and departmental administrators emerge before parliamentary committees on behalf of their minister, works well (Smith 2006). Â  This shows that the accountability feature among the officials in a given department or sector is transferrable and should be handled throughout the system as a dependent factor on all attributes. To confirm on this claim, there is a valid rationale in posing that accountability should be evaluated as to originate from all the politicians a s well as the departmental heads associated with the observable practices. According to Smith, accountability is a factor that should involve no discrimination in its evaluation and this forms one part of argument of this paper that is subject to argument basing on critical reasoning from the logics displayed. Real accountability is observed as being precise in identifying the source of mistake observed in the management and departmental administration. In a given department, there are individuals with different abilities and hence performance output in various sections. An individual, research or evaluation process cannot assume that the fault from one area in the department is always a fault from every official (Smith 2006). Moreover even if a fault in a single sector of the administration attributes to detrimental effects on other parts, the analysis by the commission should identify the ultimate source of the fault and deal with it independently. The magnitude of liability can t herefore vary on the actual source of the fault. For instance, in a situation where a mistake from one individual or department leads to errors in several other departments or the whole ministry, the liability cannot be compared with the case where a fault leads to an error in a single and smaller section of the department (Osbaldeston 2005). In case the situation goes out of hand, nevertheless, and when public disagreement results, some start to query this perceptive of ministerial responsibility. The non directional questions associated from divergent sources implies on the prevalent notion on the conception of accountability in the government. Recent arguments, such as the need for the review of the considerations of accountability arose with the support initiative and the Human Resources and Development Canada grants and donations program, have resulted in disappointment over determining who was responsible and thus in the end accountable. Â  This has resulted into some individ uals to question whether there is need to be higher accountability of senior public servants, most notably deputy ministers, before parliamentary committees. Â  Opinions on this matter are classified, and the government has constantly protected the traditional perception of accountability (McGrath 1985). The question pertaining to the reality or mere inspirations of account

Marketing Business Analysis of Costa Coffee Company Term Paper

Marketing Business Analysis of Costa Coffee Company - Term Paper Example Costa is currently the leading coffee chain in the UK in an industry that is highly competitive and rapidly growing. In spite of the current contraction forces within the global and UK economies, Costa has been able to expand sufficiently in the emerging economies as well as in its domestic market in the UK. Costa's brand focus on its various renowned coffee brands has been equaled with portfolio growth and development into new areas of service. Costa operates from the civil parish and market town of Dunstable as its main headquarters, situated in Bedfordshire England. Although leading its major competitors in terms of physical stores, it comes second to Starbucks regarding market share. Costa is completely owned by Whitbread. Among its major competitors, it has cut out its market niche by being the only coffee chain that offers hand-made coffee products to its clients. Costa Coffee has many brands, among them Miscela, Macinatura, Macchina and Manna. Costa specializes with Italian made coffee as their products suggest. All Costa coffee shops have been installed with Italian made Espresso machines. All these machines have been perfectly tuned to a long period to attain wide volumes of flawless coffee. Their special blend of Arabica and Robusta coffee is slowly roasted to perfection, much to the satisfaction of their clients. Towards the end of the year 2010, Costa acquired a market share of 37.7% to become the biggest coffee franchise within the UK. Bruno Costa and Sergio started the company in the year 1971, which later became part of the Whitbread franchise in 1995.

IBM in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IBM in China - Essay Example However, the process of manufacture of many of these parts contribute to pollution since they use CFCs and require high levels of power and cooling at datacenters, all of which have exacerbated greenhouse gas emissions and China’s increased energy use. China is a country where three decades of a communist regime have been followed by 25 years of â€Å"quasi-capitalism†, creating unrestrained economic and industrial growth and development, which have contributed heavily to pollution – China consumes 14.2% of the world’s energy and 70% of its rivers and lakes are heavily polluted. Some experts have contended that globalization impacts adversely upon the environment, since countries are forced to lower their production costs by neglecting to enact laws to preserve the environment and multinationals have the tendency to locate their polluting facilities in countries where environmental controls may be lax. In China, State environmental protection agencies are understaffed and are not equipped to cope with the burgeoning pollution levels in the country. Latest trends in China indicate that there is a growing antipathy in China against foreign investors, since it is the prevailing opinion that foreign investors use inexpensive Chinese labor and excessive amounts of energy to pollute the environment, then condemn the country for pollution and for producing cheap goods. Within China, IBM has recently been purchased by a Chinese Company Lenovo and with growing levels of fair competition within China, privatization is being encouraged. The switch to Lenovo could help IBM to tackle the stiff competition it is facing from other companies like dell and HP in the Asian region.

DEBATE TIME 15.1 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

DEBATE TIME 15.1 - Dissertation Example in particular, along with other developing and developed nations. The third scenario talks about the economic development with respect to the healthcare industry. It has been seen that the healthcare sector has proved to be one of the most booming sector in the present and in the near future and contributes about 10% of the GDP in an average. Finally, the fourth scenario talks about healthcare as shared vision. The paper ends through providing a set of recommendation along with conclusion with respect to the future of healthcare sectors. Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Scenario 1 5 Business As usual 5 Scenario 2 6 Hard Times/ Government Pressure 6 Scenario 3 8 Healthcare as an economic development Issue 8 Scenario 4 9 Healthcare as shared vision 9 Conclusion 10 Recommendation 11 References 12 Introduction Healthcare organizations are generally divided into three groups which depend on the financial sponsorship that includes profit, non profit and governmental organization (Goldsmi th, 2005, p. 39). The dynamics of the healthcare sector are both attractive and challenging. In the 21st Century, healthcare industry is the fastest growing sector with a market value of over trillion dollars. However, with changing global environment it has been noted that the healthcare sector has been quite slow in adapting to the new techniques and technologies. Delivering better and efficient healthcare services have become a challenge in the 21st century for the healthcare sector (Comstech, 2011). Thus, with respect to the growth of the healthcare sector, the concept of healthcare marketing is also at a rise. Healthcare marketing can be defined as the process which helps in understanding the needs as well as the wants of the target market. The main purpose is to provide point of view through which organization would integrate, analyze, plan, implement and control the healthcare system (Cooper, 1994, p. 9). The health industry in the year 2012 has been predicted to connect in m any different ways with its consumers and wade through the regulatory, economic and also political uncertainty. It is one of the most pressing issues across the world. While regulatory reform, partnership of public and private sector, and technological challenges are just some of the concerned issues, the ageing population, chronic illness and cost control are some of the other major issues revolving round the healthcare industry (PWC, 2012). Scenario 1 Business As usual Healthcare policy tends to vacillate between the profit making sector and intervention from the government. The high cost of healthcare policies still remains unaltered. But it has been regarded that healthcare business is no longer a â€Å"business as usual† (Stewart, 2012). This is because business as usual is not a good option for the healthcare anymore. The high cost in the healthcare is mostly hurting the businesses as well as the families in need. Thus it becomes necessary for organizations to introduce health insurance at an affordable price without denying the patients and caring for the patients to the level they need. The reason behind the high price of health insurance policies is not the lack of competition among the insurance companies but the high price charged by the systems itself. An example to support this statement can be found in an investigation carried out by Massachusetts Attorney General which revealed that most of the large hospitals as well as group of physicians tend to

Boston 2024 Olympic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Boston 2024 Olympic - Research Paper Example The bidding process starts with the invitation phase where the IOC invites applications from interested National Olympic Committees (NOCs) to bid 10 years before the commencement of the Olympic Games. The election of the host city is done by the IOC members within the next two years. The host city thus has full seven years to prepare for staging the prestigious event. The bidding process for the 2024 Olympic Games is in process at the moment. Bids can be sent to the IOC between January 15, 2015 and September 15, 2015 (Swidey, 2015). The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) has selected Boston as the applicant city to host the 2024 Olympic Games. Boston was chosen ahead of Los Angeles,  San Francisco, and  Washington, DC  so far as the official bid for 2024 Olympics from United States is concerned. John Fish, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Suffolk Construction is the Chairman of the organizing team Boston 2024. The team boasts of many other experienced people from all walks of life including former Olympians. The final selection of the host city will be announced by the IOC in 2017. In the meantime, Boston will co-ordinate with USOC and collaborate with the local community to develop its bid and submit it to the IOC in December 2016. The necessary funds required for all this work will be privately funded. Boston will benefit in numerous ways if it hosts the 2024 Olympic Games. The city is scheduled to celebrate its 400th anniversary in 2030. The preparation and infrastructural development for the 2024 Olympics will play a pivotal role in achieving the city’s vision for the monumental year 2030 as well. The planning committee of the 2024 Boston Olympic Games has categorically stated that the event will be dedicated to future of the city (Kamp and Futterman, 2015). The Vision of Boston 2024 is to create a better future for all stakeholders. The Games will create a lot of jobs in Boston. Some of the jobs will be direct in nature. For example,

DEBATE TIME 15.1 Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

DEBATE TIME 15.1 - Dissertation Example in particular, along with other developing and developed nations. The third scenario talks about the economic development with respect to the healthcare industry. It has been seen that the healthcare sector has proved to be one of the most booming sector in the present and in the near future and contributes about 10% of the GDP in an average. Finally, the fourth scenario talks about healthcare as shared vision. The paper ends through providing a set of recommendation along with conclusion with respect to the future of healthcare sectors. Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Scenario 1 5 Business As usual 5 Scenario 2 6 Hard Times/ Government Pressure 6 Scenario 3 8 Healthcare as an economic development Issue 8 Scenario 4 9 Healthcare as shared vision 9 Conclusion 10 Recommendation 11 References 12 Introduction Healthcare organizations are generally divided into three groups which depend on the financial sponsorship that includes profit, non profit and governmental organization (Goldsmi th, 2005, p. 39). The dynamics of the healthcare sector are both attractive and challenging. In the 21st Century, healthcare industry is the fastest growing sector with a market value of over trillion dollars. However, with changing global environment it has been noted that the healthcare sector has been quite slow in adapting to the new techniques and technologies. Delivering better and efficient healthcare services have become a challenge in the 21st century for the healthcare sector (Comstech, 2011). Thus, with respect to the growth of the healthcare sector, the concept of healthcare marketing is also at a rise. Healthcare marketing can be defined as the process which helps in understanding the needs as well as the wants of the target market. The main purpose is to provide point of view through which organization would integrate, analyze, plan, implement and control the healthcare system (Cooper, 1994, p. 9). The health industry in the year 2012 has been predicted to connect in m any different ways with its consumers and wade through the regulatory, economic and also political uncertainty. It is one of the most pressing issues across the world. While regulatory reform, partnership of public and private sector, and technological challenges are just some of the concerned issues, the ageing population, chronic illness and cost control are some of the other major issues revolving round the healthcare industry (PWC, 2012). Scenario 1 Business As usual Healthcare policy tends to vacillate between the profit making sector and intervention from the government. The high cost of healthcare policies still remains unaltered. But it has been regarded that healthcare business is no longer a â€Å"business as usual† (Stewart, 2012). This is because business as usual is not a good option for the healthcare anymore. The high cost in the healthcare is mostly hurting the businesses as well as the families in need. Thus it becomes necessary for organizations to introduce health insurance at an affordable price without denying the patients and caring for the patients to the level they need. The reason behind the high price of health insurance policies is not the lack of competition among the insurance companies but the high price charged by the systems itself. An example to support this statement can be found in an investigation carried out by Massachusetts Attorney General which revealed that most of the large hospitals as well as group of physicians tend to

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Picture in your mind a world in which the temperature is at least ten degrees higher than it is today, where they’re supposed to be snow you can see a green valley and all the major cities are covered by water. This imaginary picture is not too far from the truth. This essay will discuss the effects of global warming as a life threatening condition causing extreme heat waves, glacier retreat and sea level rises. The first effect of global warming is the dramatic increase of temperature all over the globe. The actual readings show a global warming of around 0.6 degrees Celsius over the entire 20th century. Furthermore, any micro change in the temperature can generate severe weather conditions like rain and tornados also, some areas may experiment extreme heat waves that could derivate in death by dehydratation. Other contributors for the changes in temperature are the greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases are naturally generated by solid waste in the form of methane gas. The human generated ones that comes from automobile exhausts and heaters from homes including factories wastes. Although, greenhouse gases are mainly natural the real problem resides in the excess of this gases overheating the planet. With the change in temperature previously indicated, there is a second effect of global warming, glacier retreat. Places traditionally known by snow or cold weathers now report less amounts of snow and a rise in temperature for example, in the Chimborazo volcano, Ecuador, the snow of the glacier is retreating at a rate of 0.5 meters each year also Antarctica reported to have the warmest year in all history. Remember that most of the water for human consumption comes from the glaciers, when they melt over controlled conditions the water resulted from the melting goes to rivers. Moreover, if the melting continues and the glacier disappears there is a good chance that there will be no more water to drink. Continuing with the effects of global warming and as a result of the previous two appears the rise of the sea levels. At this moment the sea levels increase in a ratio of 1.8mm to 2.4mm per year and the predictions indicate that this ratio is increasing rapidly to 3.8mm per year. If the tendency continues most of the major cities located near the coast are on the risk of disappearing by the water. The two factors that lead to the increased levels in sea are, the first thermal expansion: as oceans water warms it expands and second each year enormous blocks of ice, talking about in some cases of kilometers of ice, from the poles melt into the sea as a result of the increased temperatures provoking the rise in water levels. In conclusion, global warming effects are related in a chain reaction. So, because of the extreme temperature changes people could die and, the glaciers and poles experiment an enormous reduction. Also, because of the first two effects the level of the oceans begins to rise. The future or our civilization depends on how these effects are addressed, because of what it is important to reduce the consumption of gas or oil for heating houses, keep our vehicles in good conditions to reduce greenhouse gases, better if the bicycle is used instead of the car. I hope our nations and citizens make conscience about this threat to our lives and begin to work together in solutions to the problem.

Internal Communication Audit Example

Internal Communication Audit Example Introduction In general, internal communication refers to any kind of verbal and non-verbal communication between members of an organisation (Neuroni et al., 2008; Welch Jackson, 2007). Furthermore, from a strategic perspective, internal communication can be defined as â€Å"communication between an organisation’s strategic managers and its internal stakeholders, designed to promote commitment to the organisation, a sense of belonging to it, awareness of its changing environment and understanding of its evolving aims† (Welch Jackson, 2007). Bill Quirke, one of leading authorities on internal communication, noted that â€Å"when employees understand their overall role in the business, 91 percent will work towards that success, but the number plummets to 23 percent if they don’t† (Quirke, 2008). This reflection shows that an effective internal communication strategy enables the business to secure the engagement of the employees and subsequently achieve success. A recent study from Towers Watson further supports the fact that internal communication is a key component to the business performance (Towers Watson, 2014). The study concludes that â€Å"companies with high effectiveness in change management and [internal] communication are three and a half times more likely to significantly outperform their industry peers than firms that are not effective in these areas† (Towers Watson, 2014). In today’s world of constant change and evolution, organisations are recognising the need to reshape and strengthen their internal communication strategy and use it as a driver to adapt and manage the continuous change (Melcrum, 2014). Our study will try to examine to what extent the above paradigms apply to the specific context of Capital Horizons, a financial company in Mauritius. Purpose and Objectives of the study Our study will perform an internal communication audit of Capital Horizons, which is a systematic analysis of the all internal communication practices within the company, their alignment with the communication strategy and overall business strategies. The internal communication audit of Capital Horizon will mainly focus on the below objectives: Identification of strengths and weakness of the company’s internal communication system Recommendations for improving the communication system at the company Literature review What is internal communication? In addition to the definitions of internal communication given in the introduction above, there are many other concurrent definitions from scholars and professional in the field of internal communication. One of the most famous definition cited numerous time is that from Frank and Brownell who define it as â€Å"the communications transactions between individuals and/or groups at various levels and in different areas of specialisation that are intended to design and redesign organisations, to implement designs, and to co-ordinate day-to-day activities† (Frank Brownell, 1989). Rachel Miller, from allthingsic.com, has a more simplistic definition of internal communication as â€Å"communication inside an organisation between a company and its audiences.† The internal audiences of a company would include all the stakeholders within the company such as those inferred from Frank and Brownell’s definition of internal communication (Frank Brownell, 1989), that is, the employees, the supervisors, the different levels of managers, the executives and c-level executives. In fact, Welch Jackson categorise the stakeholders of internal communication into four interrelated dimensions, which are â€Å"internal line manager communication, internal team communication, internal peer project communication and internal corporate communication† (Welch Jackson, 2007). Internal communication can be mainly categorised in two forms. The first form is managed communication which is the formal communication channels between the management and the employees. The second form, commonly referred to as â€Å"grapevine†, is the informal communication that takes place among colleagues at the workplace (Welch Jackson, 2007). What is an internal communication audit? Katlin Smith, from Urban Words Group, simply describes an internal communication audit as an exercise that would answer two questions, which are â€Å"What are you communicating?† and â€Å"Are you communications effective?† (Smith, 2014). This implies that the audit will set the basis for a SWOT analysis of the internal communications practice of an organisation and in fact, a SWOT is the eight step in Katlin Smith’s Ten Steps for Conducting a communications audit (Smith, 2014). Bob Bullen from Edelman, together with his research group, has â€Å"identified three key steps organizations can take when reviewing their internal communications channels† which are â€Å"Examine any existing research†, â€Å"Collect primary quantitative research† and â€Å"Conduct primary qualitative research†. These steps demonstrate that internal communication audit is similar to any conventional audit, that is, it is a systematic analysis or survey. The difference in this case is that the audit would be examining the data about the internal communication channels and practices and not financial data. Why is internal communication important? As mentioned in the introduction above, there is seems to be a correlation between employee engagement and effective internal communication as pointed out by Bill Quirke in his book â€Å"Making the Connections† (Quirke, 2008). Towers Watson in its latest editions of its â€Å"Change and Communication ROI Study Report† notes that there is a â€Å"continued strong relationship between superior financial performance and effective communication† (Towers Watson, 2014). This conclusion is further expanded as part of the introduction above. Meldrum recent â€Å"Agility: Special Report† demonstrate also that there is a close relationship between how a company embraces change and how effective its internal communication is. The report argues that internal communication practices should adapt rapidly or rather be â€Å"agile† in order to meet the needs of the â€Å"faster and more complex† â€Å"global marketplace† (Meldrum, 2014). Through the above points, we can understand that internal communication if done effectively can result in employees being more engaged thus resulting in more productivity from their part and ultimately to better performance of the company as a whole. We further collect that effective internal communication is a key for a company to successfully embrace and manage changes in its internal and external environments. What are the key trends in internal communication? Social Media is currently the buzz-word around many circles including internal communication. In its 2013 â€Å"Change and Communication ROI Study Report†, Towers Watson notes that â€Å"the best organizations are building a sense that all employees are in it together, sharing both the challenges and rewards of working† (Towers Watson, 2013). This refers directly to social media and the fact that successful companies are seizing the opportunity presented by new technologies to â€Å"build [a] community† of employees in order to be closer to them. Although â€Å"social media is an effective way to build community†, the report however notes that only a little more than half of the companies surveyed are making use of this tool (Towers Watson, 2013). Tom Hank, from the HR Trend Institute, foresees ten ways that internal communication will change (Hank, 2014). Some of his points also re-join the trends of using social media and technology more. He also argues that internal communication would become more â€Å"open multi way†, that is, â€Å"more and more transparency† in the communication between management and employees (Hank, 2014). As noted by many recent studies, (e.g. Meldrum, 2014; Towers Watson, 2013, Rima, 2014), internal communicators will be taking more visible in the organisation in contrast to traditionally being behind the scene. The studies noted also that there would be a need to measure the value that internal communication is bringing to the organisation so as to constantly assess it alignment to the business objectives. Conclusion To be completed.

absolutism Essay -- essays research papers

Absolutism as Primary Form of Government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Absolutism became the primary form of government for many Europeans in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It appealed to so many for reasons the same as other governments. â€Å"Absolutists contended that social and political harmony would result when subjects obeyed their divinely sanctioned rulers in all aspectsâ€Å" (Text 594). Absolutists rulers felt God gave them their ability to teach the masses the proper ways to live.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Absolutist rulers had several main goals for successive reign over the people. The first being to eliminate or weaken the national representative assemblies. Next rulers looked to gain support from small local and provincial assemblies. The nobility was always dependant on the king, meaning the king chose his nobility freely, without influence from any outside source. Lastly, nobility was in control and responsible for collecting taxes and other benefits for the king. â€Å"Despite it’s pretensions to represent a political theory, absolutism was fundamentally a mechanism designed to assist ambitious monarchs in their determination to increase their own power through conquest and display† (Text 598).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis the fourteenth was considered the quintessential absolutist because he truly assumed and embodied absolute control over France. He had very specific rules for politeness that were strictly applied t...

Modern World terms :: essays research papers

1. War of the Spanish Succession- (1701-14), conflict that arose out of the disputed succession to the throne of Spain following the death of the childless Charles II, the last of the Spanish Habsburgs. The battles raged across Europe for eleven years. In an effort to regulate the impending succession, to which there were three principal claimants, England, the Dutch Republic, and France signed the First Treaty of Partition, agreeing Prince Joseph Ferdinand, should inherit Spain. 2. War of the Austrian Succession- (1740-1748). Maria Theresa of Austria succeeded her father Charles VI. She, as a woman, was seen as weak, and some other princes alleged rights to the thrown. The hostilities began with the invasion of Silesia by King Frederick II of Prussia and only ended with peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Most of the military interest of the war lies in the struggle of Prussia and Austria for Silesia. 3. Seven Year’s War- (1754 and 1756-1763). decisive round in the Franco-British competition for colonial empire. With the Treat of Paris (1763) France lost all its possessions on the mainland of North America and gave up most of its holdings in India as well. By 1763, Britain had realized its goal of monopolizing a vast trade and colonial empire for its benefit. 4. cottage workers- workers who were paid to work in villages. Worked in spurts where the man tended to drink after they were paid. 5. enclosure system- authorized the fencing of open fields in a given village and the division of the common in proportion to one’s property in the open fields. It marked the completion of two major historical developments in England: the rise of market oriented estate agriculture and the emergence of a land less proletariat 6. domestic system- also known as the putting out system was a popular system of cloth production in Europe. It existed as early as the 1400s but was most prominent in the 17th and 18th centuries. Workers would work from home, manufacturing individual articles from raw materials, then bring them to a central place of business, such as a marketplace or a larger town, to be assembled and sold. 7. â€Å"spinsters†- widows and unmarried women who spun for their living 8. agricultural revolution- produced a transformation of human society brought about by the invention of the plow, making large scale agricultural production possible and leading to agrarian societies. Many people call it the â€Å"dawn of civilization.

Hardness Removal

Lab X3: Hardness Removal The objective of the experiment was to remove water hardness through the use of different methods such as: chemical addition, flocculation, and settling. Equipment Used: Buret 150 mL beaker 1-2L jar Filter paper, funnel Stir bar, magnetic stirrer Rapid mix reactor Stop watch Fisherbrand 100-1000? L digital pipet – serial number: DH94800 pH indicator paper Experimental conditions – 74. 6 ? F Data and Analysis Table 1: Parameters of untreated water| pH| ALK total (mg/L as CaCO3)| TH (mg/L as CaCO3)| Calcium hardness (mg/L as CaCO3)| Magnesium hardness (mg/L as CaCO3)| 6. 9| 188| 328| 296| 32| Table 2: Data for hardness and other parameters of softened water| pH| Starting position (mL)| Ending position (mL)| Volume of 0. 0100M EDTA for total hardness titration (mL)| Starting position (mL)| Ending position (mL)| Volume of 0. 0100M EDTA for calcium hardness titration (mL)| 7| 0. 00| 4. 20| 4. 20| 6. 90| 9. 85| 2. 95| Calculations for softened water: Total Hardness = 4. 20 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA50 mL (sample)*1000 mL1 L*1 mg CaCO31 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA=84 mgLCaCO3 Calcium Hardness = 2. 95 mL 0. 0100 M EDTA50 mL (sample)*1000 mL1 L*1 mg CaCO31 mL 0. 100 M EDTA=59 mgLCaCO3 Magnesium Hardness = 84 mgLCaCO3-59 mgLCaCO3= 25 mgLCaCO3 Questions: 1) Based on this experiment what additional step is needed to make the water suitable for human consumption? 2) What was the percentage removal of total hardness, calcium, and magnesium? The percentage removal for total hardness was 74. 39%, for Calcium 80. 06%, and for Magnesium 21. 88%. Total Hardness Percentage Removal = 100-84328*100=74. 39 % Calcium Percentage Removal = 100-59296*100=80. 06% Magnesium Percentage Removal = 100-2532*100=21. 88% ) How close did the treatment process come to reaching the practical limits of hardness reduction? Hardness removal limits were not achieved. Calcium was reduced to a concentration of 59 mg/L versus the limit of 30 mg/L. And in the case of Magnesium the conce ntration was reduced to 25mg/L versus the limit of 10mg/L. Calcium percent difference: 30-5930=96. 66% (Absolute value) Magnesium percent difference: 10-2510=150% (Absolute value) 4) How many metric tons of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are necessary to process 59 million gallons of water per day based on the calculations of 1. a. and 1. b.?To run this water softening technique in a water plant processing 59 million gallons per day it would require 51 tons of Ca(OH)2 and 33 tons of NaCO3 2. 27*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=51 tons of CaOH2 per day 1. 48*10-4kgL*223. 02*106L*(ton1000 kg)=33 tons of NaCO3 per day Discussion Hard water is an issue for industries that rely on large amounts of water to operate. Hardness generated by elements such as calcium and magnesium cat ions produce scum in pipes and with many industrial chemicals reduces their overall effectiveness. That is why it is important to have economic and reliable ways of reducing water hardness in large scales.The particular meth od used in this experiment was lime soda softening. It has to be noted that this particular procedure only works for water that has an initial pH level lower than 8. Based on stoichiometry and the addition rules according to Nazaroff and Alvarez-Cohen we are able to find what concentration of Ca(OH)2 and NaCO3 are needed to remove hardness from the water. Based on our results the softening of the water was a success. Initial total hardness was recorded at 328 mg/L, after softening the concentration was found to be 84 mg/L.Looking individually at the reduction of calcium and magnesium the concentration was reduced from 296 mg/L to 59 mg/L and 32 mg/L to 25 mg/L respectively. Even though a large amount of the hardness was removed from the water it was nowhere near the practical limit levels. This can be attributed to the fact that the reactions that dictate hardness removal suffer from diminishing returns. Sources of error in this lab can be attributed to the fact that the sample wate r was only allowed to precipitate for 15 minutes instead of the 20 that was required as stated by the procedure.

Evolution of the Universe Essay

The evolution of earth will always remain a mystery. However, there is many scenarios and evidence to help understand the evolution of earth, its sun, planets, and the moon. The paper will derscribe how the earth and its atmosphere evolved with the help of other bodies. Which includes a discription of the formation of the bodies that plays a role in the evolution of earth. Also, a discription of the earth, sun, moon, planets, and other bodies motions according to Copernicus, Kepler, and Gallileo discoveries. Evolution: Earth and Its Atmosphere Plate tectonics are the ultimate process that controls the changes on Earth. Dynamic activity like volcanism, meteorite impacts, mountain building, and erosion, is how our Earth has come to its current state, while the continuing motion of the Earth is what’s driving the resurfacing of the Earth resulting in faulting, basin formation, and volcanism. The combination of gravity and the Earth’s internal heat is the driving force for this continuous motion. Earth’s internal heat comes from consistent decay of radioactive elements, crystallization of the inner core, and the heat left-over from planet formation. Recent discoveries suggest that features of current Earth come from the planetary melting and planetary accumulation which involves the differentiation of objects. Mars and the Moon underwent global differentiation which allowed the separation of the core from the mantle and formed large parts of the Earth’s still-existing crust. The atmosphere and oceans first appeared about 4. 5 billion years ago, soon after the Earth and Moon completed their formational phases (Mirali & Skinner, 2009). Oxygen was nearly absent in the atmosphere of the early Earth. The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), or Great Oxidation, was the biologically induced appearance of free oxygen (O2) in Earth’s atmosphere. Cyanobacteria; a large photosynthetic bacterium, appears approximately 200 million years before the GOE and began to produce oxygen by photosynthesis (Carlson & Boyet, 2008). Cyanbacteria is known to be responsible for the initial rise of atmospheric oxygen during this time. Before the GOE, any free oxygen was chemically captured by dissolved iron or organic matter. After the GOE, any excess free oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere. Free oxygen is toxic to anaerobic organisms and the rising concentrations may have been the reason that most of the Earth’s anaerobic inhabitants were wiped out. Oxygen is dominantly locked in minerals in the crust and Earth’s interior and would remain as such if it weren’t for photo synthesizers. Methane and nitrous oxide have been increasing in recent years and a consequence of agricultural activities, and human-induced global warming (Kasing & Siefert, 2002). Thus, microorganisms have led to the basic composition of Earth’s atmosphere since the origin of life. Formation of the Bodies: Motions Role About five billion years ago the galaxy had a supernova explosion causing large elements of debris pushing it through gasses called hydrogen into interstellar particles and dust. By this process of mixture under its own gravity at the center, it compressed together and formed a star of gasses that we see today. This star now became born which is now the sun, which around it a swirl of material compressed as forces for the heat. This process gave rise to our sister planets and throughout the universe. The sun started to grow larger and its energy source also started to ignite its source outward into nuclear fire balls. Within millions of years disks and components started to freeze over into small grains of dust. From this process what was found was silicon, iron, aluminum, magnesium with oxygen that was displayed as clumps and large chunks of rock and boulder. They were so large that they broke apart from their own gravity and disbursed throughout the universe. Planetesimals planets started to grow, from this they were colliding with other bodies, now starting to grow into larger lanets with their form of mass and energy behind them giving them the power to move. In this time in history the sun was only about 2/3’s of the source of power that we have today, meaning the sun is more power today than ever, because of time and energy and mass letting it grow. The process of the large forms of mass rocks grew in time from there silicon, iron, aluminum, magnesium and oxygen with the help of the sun that now grew the planets that we know of today. As all the planets grew in time and formed to what we know them as, they all rotate in a clock ward motion. As the planets move together in the same motion they are creating energy within their centrifugal force, which keeps them in motion and growing with the support of the sun’s energy. Scientist’s Discoveries: Earth, Sun, Moon, Planets, Bodies The motions of the bodies in the universe were explained by several scientists between the 1490’s and the 1700’s. Initially, there was a widely held belief that the Earth was stationary and all of the other bodies revolved around it; this is called a geocentric model (Merali & Skinner, 2009). In the 1490’s however, a scientist named Copernicus began to address the fact that a geocentric model did not explain the movement of the planets. His discoveries began to show that a heliocentric system (sun is stationary, central and the planets revolve around it) was more likely based on noticing that planets temporarily reversed direction (Merali & Skinner, 2009). He surmised that the temporary reversal was because of the differences in time that it takes the Earth to orbit the Sun, versus the time it took for other bodies to orbit the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Copernicus also determined that a body with a larger temporary reversal of direction was closer to earth and a smaller reversal was further away which could be tested by astronomical measurements (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Finally, Copernicus resurrected an old theory that the Earth spins on an axis which explains the rising and setting of the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Copernicus’ discoveries led other scientists to also prove the heliocentric model. In the late 1500’s, Kepler discovered three laws that would bolster Copernicus’ heliocentric model, but would also prove his ideas about the shape of orbits wrong (Merali & Skinner, 2009). First, the Law of Ellipses says that each planets orbit is an ellipse and the sun is one focus (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Next, the Law of Equal Areas determines that the planet’s orbital speeds are not the same and therefore the closer they are to the sun the faster they orbit and alternately, the further from the sun, the slower the orbit (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Lastly, the Law of Orbital Harmony is a mathematical equation that determined that â€Å"the square of the orbital period in years is proportional to the cube of the planet’s average distance from the sun. † (Merali & Skinner, para. 11, 2009). Therefore, the Earth takes 356. 24219 days, or 1 year, to orbit the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Even with these three valuable laws, it was Galileo and Newton who pulled the heliocentric model together. In the late 1600’s Galileo used a telescope to find four moons orbiting Jupiter which proved that Earth could not be at the center of orbital motion (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Galileo also determined that Venus had phases which could only be explained if Venus and Earth orbited the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Finally, Galileo postulated that forces move bodies. Additionally, those bodies will only change direction or stop if influenced by another force and that force works equally on all bodies despite differences in mass (Merali & Skinner, 2009). It was this last concept that inspired Isaac Newton in the same period. Newton determined that if an apple was pulled to the Earth by gravity, then the moon would also be affected by gravity thus discovery that gravity influences all bodies on Earth and in the universe (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Conclusion Modern science will continue to have plenty of unanswered questions. The evolution of earth begins with the plate tectonics process that includes corollaries of mantle convention, contienental drift, seafloor spereading and explains the pattern of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building. The atmosphere and oceans evolved 4. 5 years ago after the earth and moon completed their formational phases. With the help of Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), photosynthesis, and Cyanobacteria the earth produced oxygen. The formation of bodies occurred five billion years ago when the supernova explosion caused the birth of the sun and other planets. Issac Newton, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler were very important scientist from the 1490s and the 1700s who made many discoveries about the earth, sun, planets, and other bodies motions.