The Importance of Career Planning in Industry

the importance of Career Planning in industry. Career planning involves efforts on the part of the organizations to provide avenues for growth to its employees. Certainly this growth should be accompanied by development. The other side of the coin is the role of employees in career planning. It involves effort on the part of employees to clearly think through and decided areas in which they would like to make a career for themselves. When employees have assessed their career needs and have become aware of organizational career opportunities, the problem is one of alignment. The crucial role has to be played by HRD in ensuring this alignment to build up morale in the organization. A systematic choice of development techniques like training, special assignment, counseling and rotational assignments should be made to ensure this alignment. Employees are often uncertain as to the type of work that would suit them best. There are a number of evaluation instruments available to determine basic aptitudes. Human Resource Development Managers should be able to guide employees by administering these instruments on them. Employees should also find out whether they are loners or socially active. These exercises with some assistance from HRD Managers should help in career need assessment. At certain stage the upward mobility stops for many employees. This is inescapable in view of pyramid organizations structure. This phenomenon is called plateauing. It takes place around the age f 40. Some suggested measures to deal with such employees are: ? Mentors should be assigned measures to deal with such employees. Depending on the maturity of such mentors, good results can be achieved in assuaging the hurt feelings of plateaued employees ? Additional career ladders could be established to retain some valuable resource. Giving them importance by assigning them to some important task force or committee. ? Assisting them to choose a new career. Some organizations assist their plateau executives to start their own business. Career path models developed by a large public sector undertaking: This organization has developed career paths models for the major discipline †¢ Sales †¢ Technical services †¢ Operations †¢ Engineering †¢ Aviation †¢ LPG †¢ Finance †¢ Personnel Career path models have not been drawn for the disciplines like materials, public relations, training, etc. areer path models have been evolved to provide direction to career progression of officers. It forms the basis for placement, transfer, rotation etc. so that the officers are prepared for higher responsibilities progressively and the experience they gain becomes cumulative rather than respective. The most distinguishing feature of these career path model are the stress on jib rotation and testing the incumbent in a different environment to enhance his coping capability before giving him a higher position in the hierarchy.

Videodrome Movie Analysis

Videodrome Videodrome, directed by David Cronenberg, is a movie setting in Toronto during the early 1980s depicting a television station attempting to broadcast a show of violence and torture named Videodrome. Max Renn, owner of a small-sized television station, learned about a Videodrome, which was broadcasted in Malaysia, just when he wanted a change to the program the station was showing. Max immediately gained interest to the new show and order to start pirating it as he believes that the show would gain popularity quickly.The late 1970s and early 1980s was the time when television gain popularity. It became a social norm to have a television in every room in the house. Television developed into a big part in everyday living, people could not fall asleep without the company of the television. The anxiety slowly rises as with the amount of television people were watching. This anxiety continued to grow as media technology advances. The society then begins to affiliate with videota pe, videocassette, VCR, and etc. It almost got to the point when people would never seem to leave the house again.This movie well reflects the social anxiety of the time. After Max watches the footage of actual torture and murder, he began to see illusions of televisions coming to life. As part of the Videodrome project, he also sees himself as a videocassette recorder with hole in his body as a slot to insert video tape. His brain was controlled. The movie came to a conclusion and emphasis on the anxiety with the murder of Max by a television. With the assist of Videodrome, O’Blivion’s prophesy of television coming to life and takeover would come true.Videodrome is a lethal weapon designed by the government that would broadcast signals to give brain tumor in the viewer. The main purpose is to correct the fixation on softcore pornography and violence in the society, by eliminating those who are drawn in the world of videography. The intention was to let Max see Videodr ome and broadcast to the public. However, the Videodrome project made no exception to Max as he, too, was brainwashed. Max would then go on to kill his colleagues. The death of Max could David Cronenberg reflected the social anxiety in form of a movie.The director is implying the disturbing effect of social disorder brought by the television and other media technology. The director exaggerated the negative contribution brought by the television and media technology for how it has impacted the social norms. It can be said that the director believed intense television viewer should be doomed for their ignorance of the society. The role of the government and its Videodrome project can be interpreted as a representation of what Cronenberg is doing by filming the movie in real life to make a statement of the false effect brought by the increasing popularity of television culture.

Angular Acceleration in a Rotational Motion Lab Report

Angular Acceleration in a Rotational Motion Summary sheet Objective The experiment aims at determining terminal angular velo and angular acceleration in a rotational motion. It also aims at determining involved moment of inertia in the experiment and compares the experimental value with the theoretically computed value. Method The experiment used a wheel, a rope, and a suspended mass. The wheel was fixed at a height and the mass suspended on the rope that was attached to the freely rotational wheel. The radius of the wheel was measured and recorded. The height between the affixed mass and the floor, representing the distance to be travelled by the mass, was then measured and recorded. The mass, 20 grams, was then released to fall over the height. Time taken by the mass over the distance was measured and the experiment repeated three times. The experiment was repeated for different masses, 50 g, 70 g, and 100 g, and the time taken for each mass to travel over the distance noted. Results The research results and subsequently derived values are shown bellow. mass 20 g 50 g 70 g 100 g distance 0.9 m 0.9 m 0.9 m 0.9 m time tken by the falling mass first trial 4.135 2.79 2.03 1.89 second trial 4.25 2.58 2.37 1.8 third trial 4.085 2.62 2.1 1.99 average time 4.15 2.66 2.16 1.89 average velocity 0.216 0.34 0.417 0.479 final velocity 0.436 0.68 0.8358 0.956 acceleration 0.105 0.255 0.3857 0.507 angular acceleration 1.039 2.522 3.815 4.99 tension in the tape 0.149 0.478 0.659 0.931 torque acting on the wheel axle 0.02 0.0483 0.0667 0.0941 total mass of the wheel (M) 3.799kg circumference of the wheel 0.655 m radius of the wheel 0.1011m frictional torque from the graph 0 calculated inertia 0.0194 measured inertia 0.191 moment of inertia, percentage difference 1.53 % Applications One of the practical applications of rotational motion and its associated inertia is the balancing of weight on bicycles. While a bicycle is stationary, it is very difficult to balance its weight and other weights that may be placed on it. The rotational force of the wheels that results in the vessels motion however induces inertial that makes balancing easier and prevents the bicycle from falling. The concept of rotational inertia is also applicable in explaining relatively larger forces in operating objects with circular shapes. An example is an umbrella whose opening and closing requires larger forces that even the mass of the objects. The extra force is determined by the distribution of particles in the umbrella and not mass only. Consequently, an umbrella has a larger inertia, relative to its mass, because of rotational properties that are characteristics of its particles’ distribution (Goswami, p. 105). Calculations Average and final velocities are computed from the formula, Velocity = distance/ time. For the 20 g mass, Average velocity= 0.9/4.15 = 0.216 m/s (trancated) The other velocities are similarly calculated from corresponding distances and times. Acceleration =change in velocity/ time. Therefore acceleration for the 20 g mass= 0.436/4.15 =0.0105. The other accelerations are similarly calculated. Percentage error = {(calculated inertia- measured inertia)/calculated inertia}*100 ={(0.0.0194-0.0191)/0.0194}*100 =(0.0003/0.0194)*100 =1.54 % Works cited Goswami, Amit. The physicists’ view of nature. New York, NY: Springer

Macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

Macroeconomics - Essay Example We begin by defining fiscal policy and monetary policy. The study later provides a description of the IS/LM model in section 3 and finally, an explanation of the crowding out effect using the IS/LM model. The last part of the paper will relate the crowding out effect to the real world particularly the UK as the Bank of England uses it as a fiscal policy tool. Fiscal policy refers to a situation whereby the government restores equilibrium in the economy by making changes to taxes or government expenditure on public goods and services (Smullen and Hand, 2005). When there is under-utilisation of capacity, the government can increase capacity utilisation by reducing taxes (that is through a reduction in tax rates or tax base) or by increasing spending on public goods and services as well as subsidising the production of certain goods and services (Smullen and Hand, 2005; Visser, 2004) Fiscal policy aimed at increasing money supply is referred to as easy fiscal policy (Smullen and Hand 2005). On the other hand, when there is over-utilisation of capacity, the government either increases taxes (through and increase in tax rates or tax bases) or reduces spending on public goods and services (Black 2002). It also reduces subsidies and transfer payments. This type of fiscal policy is referred to as tight fiscal policy (Black 2002). Monetary policy is referred to as a means by which the central bank tries to sway the economy to equilibrium by influencing the supply of money (Black 2002). This is achieved through four main approaches, which include: printing more money; direct controls over money held by the money sector; open market operations and influencing the interest rate. Both tight and easy monetary policies can also be identified. Like easy fiscal policy, easy monetary policy is one whereby the central bank embarks on a policy to increase the supply of money. On the other

The accounting environment in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The accounting environment in the USA - Essay Example The amount of inventory in the warehouse of a company can decrease in value as prices of goods can go down in price due to market fluctuations. A good example of this phenomenon can be visualized in agricultural crops. These crops vary in price on a daily basis as their prices are traded in the open market as commodities. In any type of industry the market of value of inventory can vary and as a consequence it can distort the current assets account balance. Inventory is part of current assets. Accountants should always keep in mind the conservatism principle which states that when in doubt an accountant should choose the method that is less likely to overstate the assets or income of a company. The application of lower of cost or market is aligned with the conservatism constraint. Valuing inventory at lower of cost or market implies writing down inventory when the value of inventory is lower than its costs. There is a contra account in the balance sheet called Allowance to Reduce Inventory to LCM that is used to make the necessary adjustment. â€Å"This balance sheet account is used to report the amount that the inventory's market amount is below the inventory's cost amount†. The LCM method defines the market price of an item as the current replacement cost. An example of how to apply the method and its corresponding journal entry is illustrated below: Inventory value = $10000 Current replacement cost = $9500 $10000 – $9500 = $500 The $500 is considered a loss Journal Entry: Loss from Reducing Inventory to LCM $500 Allowance to Reduce Inventory to LCM $500 Capitalizing interest on building construction One of the characteristics of the construction industry is that projects take a long time to complete. Typically in business interest costs associ ated with financing any project are categorized as an expense. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) created a special rule for the construction industry that allows accountants to capitalize interest on construction project. FASB Statement No. 34 stipulates the guidelines that must be followed to calculate capitalization of interest in construction projects. It also states the disclosure requirements for capitalized interest in the financial statements of a company. The interest on any loan may only be capitalized while the construction occurs. There are certain criteria that must be met in order to be able to capitalize construction interest. The three criteria are: qualifying expenditures must already have been made activities to prepare assets for use must be in progress The firm must actually be paying interest (Young, 1994). At the moment that any of these three conditions seize to exist the company becomes ineligible to capitalize interest associated with constructi on projects. Any inventory used that is routinely manufactured or produced on a repetitive basis does not qualify for capitalization of interest if the inventory is purchased through debt (Young, 1994). Recording

Social Networking Sites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Networking Sites - Essay Example Face to face meetings, especially for the first time, are usually exciting events. One gets to scrutinize a new acquaintance physically and gauge his or her intelligence through conversations. Almost immediately, one can form an impression of the other, and this may remain unless proven otherwise in the next meetings. A lot depends on the spontaneity of a person – how quick his or her wit is, how personable he or she is, and how one’s sense of humor clicks with another’s. Glimpses of one’s personality shines through except for people who have put up a lot of defensive walls around themselves. For these people, it may be more challenging to see through their real selves. Getting into a social networking site such as Tagged to meet new people online offers a different scenario. One creates his or her own profile, putting in information he chooses to share, lay it out in a design he or she prefers, and adds a profile picture, or more for his or her picture gallery. Then a choice to set this profile in private or to be seen publicly is made by the user. The profile picture is available for public viewing, and becomes a choice in a buffet of new prospects to be chosen as contacts or â€Å"friends† by other members. If someone likes to include another in his friends’ list, then he makes an effort to ask that person if he or she can be added as â€Å"friend†, and upon acceptance, they become part of each other’s online contact list. It is up to them to maintain communication either by sending messages, picture tags or add comments (either text or picture or video) in one’s profile. They may also opt to communicate outsid e the site by exchanging contact details or chatting in another messaging system like Yahoo Messenger or MSN Instant Messaging. Here, they may restrict their communication to online chat or see each other by webcam or actually meet in person. It is really up to the individuals how they want

Successful implementation & methodology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Successful implementation & methodology - Essay Example When implemented with these elements in mind, BPR can be successful and may be absolutely vital to the health of an organisation. The factors that impact a successful Business Process Reengineering (BPR) fall into the categories of implementation and environmental. The first factor to consider in the implementation is the design of the project. The project should be visionary and realistic. The design of the BPR needs to take into account the strategic goals of the business and consider the direction of the organisation. Timeframes must be adequate to allow for the team to accomplish its goals. There are key questions to be asked during project design phase. Will it provide any competitive advantage Will it remain competitive in the long term These questions require knowledge of the business environment. Grover et al. (1995 p. 112) asserts that " A major finding of the planned change approach indicates that implementation success occurs when commitment to change exists; commitment to the project exists; and the project is well defined and plans are clearly specified". The design team will need to know the product, the market, and the customers to complete a successful design. The redesign phase is one of the most important factors in any methodology. To be of any value, the redesign needs to be accompanied by a cost/benefit analysis. Is the redesign worth the cost of reengineering What are the risks involved with the redesign Radical change involves cost cutting measures that may impact vendors, suppliers, and employees. Stoddard & Jarvenpaa (1995 p.105) warns that, "... revolutionary change process might not be feasible given the risk and cost of revolutionary tactics". Companies need to assess the risk and evaluate the degree of change tolerance that they may be subjected to. Communication is another key factor to aid in the success of BPR. Management needs to communicate with the staff the scope and the motivation of the project. Communication is also essential to get employees to think about the new way of doing business. If the project involves downsizing, the workforce needs to be aware of the plans and the alternatives that will be provided. The design phase should include a Human Resources strategy. The major threads that run throughout the successful implementation of BPR are, "...communication, empowerment, people involvement, training and education, creating a culture for change, and stimulating receptivity of the organisation to change are the most important factors related to change management and culture" (Al-Mashari & Zairi, 1999 p.88). These issues revolve around the human resource issue. It is imperative that communication with the employees be

Business Policy and Strategic Management Research Paper - 1

Business Policy and Strategic Management - Research Paper Example If the mission statement of Starbucks is to be reviewed, it shows that the company follows a differentiation strategy where its basic aim is to produce a brand image within the eyes of its customer through the unique taste of coffee and the exclusivity of all its other products. Differentiation strategy is the opposite of the cost leadership strategy. Differentiation strategy makes the use of a firm’s core competencies to develop an innovative strategy so that a company is valued by its customer in a unique manner.2 Starbucks has done the same by building up an international model that will help the company to scale and grow in a profitable manner, the company’s uniqueness and value creation within the eyes of its customer has helped the company to pursue one of its long term strategies by opening up many stores around the globe and in 2010 the company strengthened its roots in China through this differentiation strategy and China is being considered as the 2nd largest market for Starbucks.

The Role in Informatics in Decreasing Health Disparities Essay

The Role in Informatics in Decreasing Health Disparities - Essay Example 2). In addition, health disparities are the result of poverty, environmental threats, inadequate access to health care, individual and behavioral factors as well as educational inequalities (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011, para. 2). The healthcare provider also causes these disparities. This is to mean that; some healthcare providers and specialists treat racial and ethnic minorities as lesser humans as compared to their frequent clients. This leads to the minorities seeking alternative healthcare in lowly performing hospitals and clinics. It, also, leads to minority groups seeking medical attention from medical institutions that are understaffed, and have lesser budgets to cater to needs of their patients, as well as lack of specialized, technical support. Culture and language also inhibit access to healthcare. This is in regard to the fact and the possibility that they may not be in a position to speak and understand the language used in healthcare facilities in a given area. As a result, there is poor communication and the minorities end up suffering the consequences of their ailments. Language barrier is the outcome of lack of interpreters and bilingual staff as well as lack of adequate funds for language services. Disparities in healthcare are also caused by the socioeconomic status of the individuals. Individuals with more income, better quality education and occupational status, have better health status as compared those who lack the above. Socioeconomic status steps in reference to life expectancy, access to health facilities and lifestyles. Lifestyle diseases, such as obesity and ailments from smoking, are more common in individuals who only have a high school education. Healthcare disparities can be as a result of geographical disparities, as well. This is as in cases where certain populations, minority, live outside metropolitan areas because they are poor. Recent research by shows that healthcare is delivered locally (to populatio ns who are within reach), and thus those outside the metropolis are not able to access it. The effects of geographic locations were explained by a study on revascularization procedures where certain neighborhoods had fewer cases (Frist, 2005, para. 9). These neighborhoods were inhabited by minority groups of blacks and Hispanics. Ethnically and racially, health disparities have been found in six main areas: infant mortality, cancer screening and management, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, immunizations and infections of HIV and AIDS (Office of Minority Health & Health Disparities, 2009, para. 5). Infant mortality refers to cases where children die before the age of five years and is a common disparity in regard to health. Cancer screening has its share of disparities when it comes to treatment of parties suffering from the condition. This is specially so ethnically and racially as more African-American minorities suffer and die from it as compared to those from other races and et hnic groups. In cardiovascular diseases, despite being a leading killer among all races and ethnicities, they are more common among black minorities. With this more African-Americans die from heart conditions than whites. A report on diabetes, conducted by The Centre for Disease

Gun control College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gun control College - Essay Example The assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King and etc in the year 1960 develop issues related to gun control and the element of guns and arms become a subject of passion and controversy (Roleff, 2007). Different people have different opinions about the issue of gun control and many individuals consider it as a criminal issue however different people consider as a right issue. Responsible citizens can manage this issue but if it is not managed properly then it can create numerous problems for than individual and for the society Different laws regarding to arms and ammunition has been initiated by the government since 1934 and these laws and regulations are for the firearms and their ammunition. The biggest advantage of gun control is that it curbs the access of arms by criminals, juveniles and other high risk individuals. Individuals believe that federal measures are the most important element of reducing the availability of guns and it can easily stop crimes. Similarly, the registration of guns and the registrations of arm dealers can reduce the element of violence in our society (Roleff, 2007). This won't incur any social costs and no constitutional barriers are present. However, certain opponents of the gun control believed that federal policies keep the arms out of the hands of high risks persons but they create burdens for law-abiding citizens (Almanac of Policy Issues, 2009). There are two major federal statutes that are related to gun control. These two acts are National Firearms Act of 1934 and the Gun Control Act of 1968. A transfer tax was imposed on machine guns and short-barreled guns in the Act of 1934. However, the Act of 1968 prohibits mail order sales and interstate sales of guns and arms. Similarly, sales to minors and certain penalties and licensing requirements for manufacturers, dealers and importers were imposed. However, on June, 2008 made a landmark ruling regarding arms and the Supreme Court upholds the right of individuals to bear arms for hunting and for the purpose of self defense (Awesome Library, 2009). Certain statistics and figures are used in the gun control debate and statisticians suggest that the numbers of homicides with firearm persons are increasing and the figure has risen to 173%. However, from 1985 to 1993 the figure decreased by 47% and in the year 1999 this figure decreased to 22%. The advocates of gun control argue on the point that the availability of guns to injury and mortality rates comes from the study of domestic violence. The advocates of firearms believe that because homeowners possess a risk of home invasion that is the reason why they acquire arms and these guns and arms are for their security. However, researcher analyzed that he risk of a homicide is higher in these homes because individuals have easy access to guns and no one is present to stop them. A number of individuals believe that sensible gun control in beneficial for the society and all the guns and owners of these guns should be registered. The Bullets of these guns should have serial numbers so that in becomes quite easy to trace a crime. Proper registration process must be incorporated and the gun

Accounting Standards Essay Example for Free

Accounting Standards Essay INTRODUCTION Accounting Standards are employed to build the application of accounting practice. The actual financial position of the company can not be presented accurately and precisely with adhering to the principles and standards. Due the evolution of time, the concept has changed to suit the needs of the industry and is also continuously to changing to needs. With rapid change and development of wealth, trade and technology, there was a need to account the business transaction due to intricacy involved. Due to the mode of writing and numbers which facilitated the accounting process. It is accountants who helped in the development of economic and commerce by providing valuable services to the community. See more: Satirical essay about drugs HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARD: Pacioli is being considered the father of the Accounting. The first double entry book-keeping was developed around 1200 B.C   in Italy followed by first book on double entry was written by Luca Pacioli in 1494. Due to the advent of Industrial Revolution around 1750, business expanded rapidly which catapulted mass transportation, invention of new products and new markets, development of capital markets and as the result, the role of accountant become inevitable to any industry. As development of trade grows, the need for professional accountants also nurtured in a fast pace. Society of Accountants was established in 1854 in Edinburg which was accorded a royal charter which recognized the profession’s role in the trade and commerce. In U.S, the first such professional society was the American Association of Public Accountants, chartered by the state of New York in 1887. Cost accounting was developed to augment the efficiency in the manufacturing Units. Management Accounting was developed to advise the business to make strategic business decisions. During 20th Century, United States has overtaken the British and become the leading industrial power in the world. The growth of industries like U.S. steel and Standard Oil demanded more classy accounting systems to keep track record of expanding business divisions within these huge business corporations.   As insiders of the industry took advantages by stock manipulations, price fixing and other questionable business practices mainly to derive benefits thereby depriving the interest of gullible investors. All the states of the U.S.A and Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia stipulates through law that an accountant should have specific educational and experience requirements and should passes an qualifying examination and will be granted a title known as Certified Public Accountants. [CPA]. Now, CPA’s have structured in to State and national societies. In United States, American Institute of Certified is the prime body representing accounting profession, which is the contemporary successor organization of the American Association of Public Accountants and the American Accounting Association organized in 1916. In United States , the Financial Accounting Standards Boards [ FASB] , an independent non-governmental organization supported by financial-reporting industry groups , is the nodal institution accountable for establishing accounting standards and rules whereas the International Accounting Standards Boards [ IASB] formulates rules and standards that are recognized and used by many nations. With fast growth of corporate activity, the need for sophisticated accounting methods has increased and accounting has witnessed many improvements in theory and techniques. The ever changing tax laws and regulations is causing change in accounting methods frequently as it is necessary to maintain homogeneous accounts for governmental statutory requirements or public scrutiny. A series of exposures pertaining to accounting firm’s failure to detect or openly challenge irregularities or fraud as in the case of World.com and Enron, when auditing finances of a number of corporations compelled Congress to establish the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board in 2002. Securities and Exchange Commission has been allocated power to appoint the above board to register and regulate accountants and firms to act as auditors. It sets standards for auditing and is responsible for reviewing audits and disciplining accountants and accounting firms.   [1] SIGNIFICANCE OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS: Accounting standards are significant as they guarantee improved public accountability and offer effective and efficient functioning of the trade and commerce of a nation. They play a vital role for complete understanding of political, economical and social consequences of allocation and proper utilization of government resources both at the federal and at the State levels. Improper and bad accounting may lead to serious long term consequences .Accounting standards can be misused to offer misleading information of a business. FREE MARKET APPROACH OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS: It refers to a method applied by private sector wherein creation of an economic market in which business is ruled by the laws of supply and demand and not by the unwanted government interference, subsidy or regulation. Under this accounting standard, voluntary disclosure of activity -based cost data which offers a new approach of functional process and provides more alternatives for decision makers. In a real free market, accounting standards would enhance as corporations and accountants vie to offer the best information to shareholders. In a free market, the aspiration for profit is satisfied by long-range, honest, rational behavior thereby innovating, by employing best employees, by offering quality products and by providing accurate information to investors. Business is required to provide accurate information to investors else it would loose its reputation and credibility in the market. The current FASB is so cumbersome and complex that an ordinary lay man finds it difficult to interpret the same. Most companies in U.S.A now started to follow dual reporting. For instance, AMD and Intel release two sets of accounting reports: one as per FASB guidelines which is mandated by the regulation and other based on simple accounting standards that they deem that it being more informative to shareholders. There are certain existing statues which refuse the shareholders to overthrow existing corrupt or incompetent management. For instance, Anti-hostile takeover legislation which was passed in 1968 has made it complex to replace incompetent management .Arcane regulations passed in 1930 limit the capacity of the financial entities such as insurance companies, pension funds and mutual funds that own major shareholding in corporations to participate in the board for decision taking and for joint deliberations. Hence, the opportunity to safeguard the interest is being denied by arcane regulations. If the U.S government is really interested in the healthy stock market, it should exhibit it by deleting, not adding, regulations and building the market truly free. PRIVATE SECTOR REGULATION OF ACCOUNTING STANDARDS Stock Exchange Commission [SEC] supports on an independent, private sector standards –setting process mainly through open and deliberate. Though the commission has the statutory authority to frame accounting principles , it has not do so for the last 60 years .Instead it has assigned the onus to the private sector for leadership in establishing and enhancing the accounting standards. It is the private sector standards-setting process, as supervised by the SEC has resulted in existence of a quality accounting standards and strong capital markets in USA as of today. EVOLUTION OF REGULATORY APPROACH: After the end of the First World War in 1919, there was spurt in investment in securities by investors. Around 1920, more than .02 billion large and small shareholders availed the benefits of post-war affluence and ready to avail sudden wealth from stock market and due to boom, more than $ 50 billion worth in new stock was floated during this time. The famous stock market crash in 1929 which was notoriously known as â€Å"Black Friday† resulted in loss of faith by investors on the capital markets. Many investors were turned as pauper over a night. It was observed that if at all economy was to recover, the public’s confidence on capital market required to be refurbished. Congress was forced to find out a solution for this problem and it held many deliberations on the subject and finally passed the â€Å"Securities Act of 1933 â€Å"and the â€Å"Securities Exchange Act† of 1934. The prime goal for the establishment of Securities exchange commission was mainly to enforce the fresh security laws, to build confidence, to provide stability to the market and last but not the least to offer protection to investors. Stock Exchange Commission [SEC] was toothed with mandate to formulate accounting principles and standards. It is to be noted that even though SEC was accorded the power to supervise the accounting practice, SEC is of the opinion that the private sector is having ample resources and ability to build up suitable accounting standards. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants [AICPA] had been in the field since 1887. As a federation of state societies, American Society of Certified Public Accountants was established in 1921 and later merged with the Institute during 1936. Due to persuasion from the SEC, the AICPA appointed the committee on accounting procedure in 1939. Committee on Accounting Procedure [CAP] released about 51 accounting research bulletin between 1939 and 1959. Though, these bulletins were able to solve the problems now and then as they emerged but could not address the issues relating to accounting principles. To resolve the accounting principles issues, AICPA established a new standard setting body in 1959 namely the â€Å"Accounting Principles Board† [APB].The main goal of the APB is to establish appropriate practices, formulate accounting principles and to minimize the discrepancies in practices. Though the APB released about 31 opinions between 1959 and 1973, it was dissolved for absence of productivity. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles [GAAP] are an anthology of conventions, procedures and rules that describe accepted accounting practices. Though it is not accorded as mandatory by any statute, SEC advises that it should be followed in all financial reporting of publicly traded companies. GAAP can thus be explained as a cluster of conventions and objectives that have been developed over time to oversee how financial statements are being prepared and presented. The three nodal authorities’ viz. the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, The Financial Accounting Standards Boards and Exchange Commission offer regulation concerning acceptable accounting practices. The GAAP is founded on four basic assumptions as per the details below: Economic Entity concept- It stresses the business as a separate entity and to segregate income and expenses of business from that of personal. Going concern assumption which assumes that business will carry on for a longer period to validate the methods of capitalization of assets, provision for depreciation and amortization. Monetary unit assumption which fixes US dollar as the monetary unit for accounting purpose Periodicity assumption facilitates recording of business operations and separating into different periods. This is mainly to facilitate for comparison between past and present performance of the business.   FASB’s basic principles are detailed below: Historical Cost Principle- This requires business to account and report on cost of acquisition basis rather than present market value of the assets and liabilities. Financial reports and statements are prepared in accordance with set of rules , procedure and standards for reporting financial information known as the â€Å" Generally Accepted Accounting principles† (GAAP) , as established by the Financial Accounting Standard Board ( FASB). This standard stipulates that a company â€Å"account for all of their assets or economic resources according to their historical cost.† (Horngreen, Stratton Sundem, p.6) Revenue Recognition principle or accrual basis of accounting requires business to record when the revenue is realized or earned and not when the cash is earned. Matching principle – Expenses has to be matched with the revenues where it is possible Full disclosure principle- Business should offer all the significant information relating to the company though it may not affect company’s financial statements. For instance, Tax disputes, lawsuits, takeover information and possible contingent liabilities of the business are to be disclosed by way of footnotes to the financial reporting. INHERENT DISADVANTAGES OF THE FASB Cost –benefit relation ship: It emphasizes that benefit of offering financial information should also be weighted against cost of providing it. Materiality- It refers to the significance of the item reported and it is to be weighed amount reported will have impact on third party’s decision based on the information provided. The Industry Practice Constraint – Conservative approach stresses that it is better to understate the financial statements rather than overstating it. The after effects of Enron, WorldCom, Inc have forced the Congress to enact Sarbanes Oxley Act in 2002.   The other accounting reforms announced is the creation of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board [PCAOB] to supervise the audits of the Public companies. PACOB has been entrusted with wide authority to regulate the auditing profession. PACOB has been toothed with powers like imposing civil penalty and to impose permanent revocation of an auditing firm’s ability to audit public companies. 8, SWITCHING TO PRINCIPLES BASED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM: There is strong suggestion from various quarters that U.S should abandon the current â€Å"rules-based† system in favor of a â€Å"principles-based accounting†. If that happens, the critics are of the view that all the current difficulties being faced by U.S financial reporting would be alleviated or eliminated. Further section 108 of the Sarbanes –Oxley Act of 202 stipulates that SEC to conduct a study on the adoption of a principle based accounting system. [2] CONCLUSION: Globalization offers both impetus and opportunity and it is time to streamline the FASB guidelines in tune with changing scenario.[3] It is to be noted that FASB has recently issued special report on Leases thereby implementing a new approach, is recognition of the need to review existing standards. Hence it is necessary not only to review its leases guidelines but for all current standards. The current FASB is high technical and complex in nature and may not help the investing public to understand the same without the guidance of professionals on the subject. When most of the countries around the globe have switched from complex to simpler guidelines, U.S can also follow them. In setting standards on national or global basis, technical correctness is regarded as less important than the comparability among reporting entities. Globalization in commerce here has become the order of the day and U.S accounting standards must reflect true global interests. Sticking to technically sound accounting standards would not help to develop acceptable, meaningful international standards. FASB should take avail this opportunity to update and even change the standards. The accounting profession and accounting standard setters should unite together in their effort to assure simpler, more beneficial and easy to understand U.S and worldwide accounting standard. BIBILIOGRAPHY Van Riper, R. 1994, Setting Standards for Financial Reporting: FASB and the Struggle for Control of a Critical Process. CT: Quorum Books. Westport. Hartgraves, A. L., Benston, G. J. 2002, â€Å"The Evolving Accounting Standards for Special Purpose Entities and Consolidations†. Accounting Horizons, 16(3), 245+. Barker, Richard, 2004, Reporting Financial Performance. Accounting Horizons 18, no. 2 157+. Bekesford, Dennis R. 1999,Its Time to Simplify Accounting Standards. Journal of Accountancy 187, no. 3: 65. Beresford, Dennis R. 2001,Congress Looks at Accounting for Business Combinations. Accounting Horizons 15, no. 1: 73. Derieux, Samuel A. 2000,Lets Reassess Accounting Standards. Journal of Accountancy 189, no. 5: 82. Dye, Ronald A., and Shyam Sunder. 2001,Why Not Allow FASB and IASB Standards to Compete in the U.S.? Accounting Horizons 15, no. 3: 257. 1992,The Financial Accounting Standards Board. Journal of Accountancy 173, no. 6: 4. Fleming, Peter D. 1991,The Growing Importance of International Accounting Standards; Arthur R. Wyatt, Chairman of the International Accounting Standards Committee Heralds International Harmonization. Journal of Accountancy 172, no. 3 100+. Gornik-Tomaszewski, Sylwia, and Irene N. McCarthy. 2003,Cooperation between FASB and IASB to Achieve Convergence of Accounting Standards. Review of Business 24, no. 2: 52+. Hartgraves, Ai L., and George J. Benston. 2002, The Evolving Accounting Standards for Special Purpose Entities and Consolidations. Accounting Horizons 16, no. 3: 245+. Herrmann, Don, and Ian P.N. Hague. 2006, Convergence: In Search of the Best CPAs Should Understand How U.S. and Foreign Accounting Standards Influence Each Other. Journal of Accountancy 201, no. 1: 69+. Houston, Melvin, and Alan Reinstein. 2001, International Accounting Standards and Their Implications for Accountants and U.S. Financial Statement Users. Review of Business 22, no. 1: 75. Monson, Dennis W. 2001, The Conceptual Framework and Accounting for Leases. Accounting Horizons 15, no. 3: 275. Nobes, Christopher W. 2005,Rules-Based Standards and the Lack of Principles in Accounting. Accounting Horizons 19, no. 1: 25+. Radig, William J., and Brian Louder milk. 1998,Leading the Way to Uniform Accounting Principles. Review of Business 19, no. 3: 22+. Schipper, Katherine. 2003, Principles-Based Accounting Standards. Accounting Horizons 17, no. 1: 61+. Silliman, Benjamin Rue. 2005,Convergence of Accounting Standards: A Comparative Analysis of the U.S. Revised Standard on Share-Based Payment and the International Accounting Standards Boards IFRS 2. Review of Business 26, no. 2: 24+. Wyatt, Arthur R., and Joseph F. Yospe. 1993,Wake-Up Call to American Business: International Accounting Standards Are on the Way. Journal of Accountancy 175, no. 7: 80+. [1] Encyclopedia Article Title: Accounting. Encyclopedia Title: The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2004. [2] Article Title: Principles-Based Accounting Standards. Contributors: Katherine Schipper author. Journal Title: Accounting Horizons. Volume: 17. Issue: 1. Publication Year: 2003. Page Number: 61+. [3] Article Title: Lets Reassess Accounting Standards. Contributors: Samuel A. Derieux author. Journal Title: Journal of Accountancy. Volume: 189. Issue: 5. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 82

Extended Family Cover Essay Example for Free

Extended Family Cover Essay Survey respondents believe that women are not as â€Å"internationally mobile† as men, yet 80 percent of female expatriates have never turned down a relocation, compared to 71 percent of men. A second powerful assumption is that women encounter more work-life conflict while managing a global schedule. However, nearly half of both women and men report that they find work-life balance difficult. Finally, survey respondents believe clients outside the United States are not as comfortable doing business with women as they are with men. In fact, 76 percent of women expatriates said being a woman had a positive or neutral impact on their effectiveness overseas. Both women and men, managers and human resources executives, hold the preconceptions that emerged in this study about womens ability in the international arena. Yet paradoxically, 90 percent of female expatriates, 91 percent of women with global responsibility who havent relocated, and 93 percent of men married to expatriates said they would accept their current assignments again. In fact, current expatriates (85 percent) and former expatriates (86 percent) believe global experience makes them more marketable to other companies. Compared in the past, companies at present become more open in having women as part of the workforce and consider them in equal footing as their male employees. Working Woman magazine cited Philip Morris as a company where 31 percent of all managers are women. With respect to international assignments, Philip Morris makes sure that women are tapped for those assignments. Another company, Hewlett-Packard, has a woman leading the company. The chair, president, and CEO of Hewlett-Packard is Carly Fiorina. She makes Hewlett-Packard one of only two companies in the Fortune 500 with a woman as chair, president, and CEO. Hewlett-Packard, which has a strong international presence, has a long history of supporting and promoting women (Palagano Lee, October 2005). The next items are the list of favorable companies that provide as much benefits to working mothers in their organization: Microsoft, Bacardi and Computer Associates all offer family healthcare benefits packages for partners and their children. It helps to maintain high worker performance and establishing a caring reputation are the important motivating factors, as employers believe satisfied employees will spread the word about a companys practices (Extended Family Cover, 2004). While BMW Plant Oxford, manufacturer of the Mini Cooper, presents different options of flexible, voluntary family benefits, that include insurance products, dental coverage and healthcare cash plans; workers have an option to devise their own benefits packages tailored to individual family needs. BMW also offers family social events, it is one of their strategies to improve worker morale and performance, intensifying job engagement and encouraging better relationships among employees (Extended Family Cover, 2004). IBM provides its employees with schedule flexibility, extended personal leaves and dependent care referral services. Also, IBM has recognized the need to conduct training programs that sensitize its managers to the problems that employees may encounter as they try to balance family and job demands. (Extended Family Cover, 2004). A pioneer in lactation support benefits, Procter and Gamble (PG) has such programs at all its major worksites and in most of its production plants. This kind of strategy has helped maintain high morale and retention rates. It is also enhanced productivity and reduced absenteeism among female workers. Mothers schedule their own breaks in lactation rooms that have hospital-grade pumps, refrigerators for storing milk, curtained-off nursing stations for privacy and a supply of educational materials along with a registered nurse for onsite support (Callahan, 2005). Aetna Inc. s Mothers at Work program, which received a 100% satisfaction rating from participating nursing mothers, has lactation rooms in its 50 locations and an in-house Web site with information for breastfeeding mothers returning to work. Nursing mothers receive an individual pump and professional lactation consultation. In 2004, 62% of Aetna employees nursed for six months, as compared with the 27% national average of nursing mothers (Callahan, 2005).

Facilitating Obstetric Services for Pregnant Women

Facilitating Obstetric Services for Pregnant Women Socio-cultural INFULENCES AND Access TO Basic Obstetric Care (BOC) Abstract Although pregnancy and childbirth are not of medical origin, respectively, they signify normal physiological events. Women who are pregnant often anticipate satisfactory childbirth outcomes, with no complications during the birthing process. Maternal and Child health is achieved through comprehensive obstetric interventions. While basic obstetric care is available for pregnant women, socio-cultural beliefs are effective as well to convince them not to access appropriate care during obstetric emergencies. Therefore, this essay explains why pregnant women are often unable to receive care they need and the benefits of accessing essential obstetric care in health facilities. Socio-cultural Beliefs and Childbirth Practices Whilst there are many cultures throughout the world, every culture is distinct and varies considerably from one another. Culture is viewed as a main pillar that clearly defines ethnic identity, autonomy, and the tribal dominance of a society (Bravo Noya, 2014). Its influence is fascinating by the way certain skills, knowledge, and practices are observed and learnt over a period of time to maintain and preserve its existence (Sherry Ornstein, 2014). Similarly, different societies have profound cultural beliefs and interpretations in relation to pregnancy and childbirth practices. Though birthing is an individual occasion, it is also an important societal experience that impacts women’s perceptions and certain beliefs between respective societies (Kaphle, Hancock, Newman, 2013). For instance, during pregnancy, women strictly observe their cultural norms and â€Å"taboos† by avoiding certain foods or diets. In general, a particular food that is abundant in protein is avoided due to their mutual belief(s) that may lead to congenital deformed babies, resembling features of food eaten, or their babies may grow big thereby complicating the second stage of labour (Kuzma, et al., 2013). Cultural influences are persuasive, and thus, prevent pregnant women to access essential maternal health care. Socio-cultural Beliefs and Access to Basic Obstetric Care (BOC) In spite of the fact that there are many different societies, they are often classified into two broad kinds of societies; patrilineal or matrilineal. Patrilineal society is more common and influential. Patrilineal societies qualify men to own the land, properties, make critical decisions, and decide on family size (Koian, 2010). Land is considered as an important asset for families in ethnic societies. This is why, in patrilineal societies, men would often want to have more male children in their family to inherit the land, and also to take full responsibility during their old age (Tao, 2014). In contrast, women’s responsibilities are often associated with domestic duties, such as cooking, gardening, childbearing and childrearing. On the other hand, basic medical ailments and maternal health services (for example, Family Planning) are viewed as insignificant to certain societies, and are perceived to only interfere with their cultural beliefs (Kaphle, Hancock, Newman, 2013). Moreover, any pregnancy or childbirth-related complications are considered abnormal, and the victim (pregnant woman) is condemned for disobedience; as a result, she is cursed by ancestral evil forces (Kuzma, et al., 2013). Such cultural beliefs often have subsequent impact on pregnant women accessing and utilising vital antenatal and obstetric care (Boerleider, Wiegers, Mannien, Francke, Deville, 2013). Traditional Birth Attendance (TBA) and their Experiences To strengthen maternal health care, emphasis is placed on pregnant women accessing health facilities for supervised care and deliveries from Skilled Birth Attendants (SBAs). These are qualified health professionals (such as; midwives, nurses and doctors) who are able to manage pregnancies and childbirths, and detect possible obstetric complications threatening to the mother and her unborn baby (Uzt, Siddiqui, Adegoke, Broeke, 2013). In many societies, Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) are available, usually old women who are considered skilful and knowledgeable in managing childbirths. Their competency of practice has become women’s first choice of contact when in labour. Also, their respectful approach toward mothers, irrespective of their social status, age, parity, and reasonable labour fees, have continued to influence women’s perception of positive childbirth experiences under their care (Akpabio, Edet, Etifit, Bassey, 2014). Unfortunately, TBAs still require essential evidence-based knowledge; they need adequate emergency obstetric skills and kits to manage during labour and birth emergencies. Their performing (birthing) roles were observed, and acquired only through other experienced TBAs. Yet, pregnant women still forgo formal deliveries to seek assistance from TBAs. Even some who often attend antenatal clinics still prefer TBAs during labour. Such care outside the scope of professional practice results in high rates of preventable maternal deaths (Akpabio, Edet, Etifit, Bassey, 2014). Pregnancy and childbirth experiences can be life-threatening without the presence of SBAs. Hence, it is necessary for pregnant mothers to seek formal support, and care in health care settings where health care providers, and essential life-saving equipment are available. Health Care Providers’ Attitudes and Approaches Health Care Providers have primary responsibilities in providing health care effectively to their patients (women) without favouritism, injustice, harassment, and discrimination due to their socio-cultural attributes. One of the reason that affects pregnant women in relation to seeking a health centre birth is the â€Å"maltreatment† they receive from health care providers. Such unethical treatment in general includes professional negligence, abusive language, discrimination, and interventions without granting permission (Moyer, Adongo, Aborigo, Hodgson, Engmann, 2014). They feel that the environment is not conducive for them. Thus, the fear of ill treatment from health care providers (especially, midwives and other female health workers) often discourages women from accessing health care to deliver their babies (Essendi, Mills, Fotso, 2010). The attitudes and approaches of health care providers must be facilitated in such a friendly manner so as to encourage midwife/nurse-t o-mother relationships to achieve optimal maternal outcomes. Another reason that often prevents pregnant women opting for hospital births is their fear of health workers’ keeping their placentas for disposal (without giving the placentas to them). Some women often use placentas to execute traditional ceremonials, and are concerned it will be difficult for them to take their placentas home. Such deprivation becomes a hindrance for some of them to access supervised delivery where appropriate and essential (Moyer, Adongo, Aborigo, Hodgson, Engmann, 2014). For that reason, establishing rapport and providing empathetic care and a compassionate attitude is expected. Transcultural conflicts in health are precluded when care is integrated harmoniously without cultural interference. Conclusion In conclusion, the emphasis on facilitating obstetric services for pregnant women performs an essential role in strengthening maternal and child health. Improving accessibility and reinforcement at all levels of the health care system is of paramount importance for obstetric services to function effectively. Professional conduct during the care is needed while as much as possible, accommodating socio-cultural attributes to attain best possible outcomes. Also, comprehensive community-based programs by health care providers relating to maternal health, has the potential to connect any existing socio-cultural barriers, and allow women to freely utilize obstetric care when necessary. Bibliography Akpabio, I., Edet, O., Etifit, R., Bassey, G. (2014). Womens Preference for Traditional Birth Attendants and Modern Health Care Practioners in Akpabuyo Community of Cross River State, Nigeria. Health Care for Women International, 35:1, 100-109. Boerleider, A., Wiegers, T., Mannien, J., Francke, A., Deville, W. (2013). Factors affecting the Use of Prenatal Care by Non-western Women in Industrialized Western Countries: A Systemic Review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13:81, 1471-2393. Bravo, I., Noya, M. (2014). Culture in Prenatal Development: Parental Attitudes, Availability of Care, Expectations, Values and Nutrition. Child Youth Care Forum. 43, 521-538. Essendi, H., Mills, S., Fotso, C. (2010). Barriers to Formal Emergency Obstetric Care Services Utilization. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, Vol.88, Suppl.2, S356-S369. Faisal, A., Tofayel, A. (2014). Influence of the Socio-cultural Factors in Health-seeking Behaviour of Women during Pregnancy in Rural Bangladesh . Journal of Exclusion Studies, Vol.4, Issue:1, 1-11. Kaphle, S., Hancock, H., Newman, L. (2013). Childbirth Traditions and Cultural Perceptions of Safety in Nepal: Critical Spaces to ensure the Survival of Mothers and Newborns in Remote Mountain Villages. Midwifery 29, 1173-1181. Koian, R. (2010). Women in Patrilineal and Matrilineal Societies in Melanesia. Madang, PNG: Bismark Ramu Group. Kosum, Z., Yurdakul, M. (2012). Factors Affecting the Use of Emergency Obstetric Care among Pregnant Women with Antenatal Bleeding. Midwifery 29, 440-446. Kuzma, J., Paofa, D., Kaugle, N., Catherina, T., Samiak, S., Kumei, E. (2013). Food Taboos and Traditional Customs Among Pregnant Women in Papua New Guinea: Missed Opportunity for Education in Antenatal Clinics. Contemporary PNG Studies: DWU Research Journal, Vol.19, 1-11. Moyer, C., Adongo, P., Aborigo, R., Hodgson, A., Engmann, C. (2014). They treat you like you are not a human being: Maltreatment during Labour and Delivery in Rural Northern Ghana. Midwifery 30, 262-268. Sherry, S., Ornstein, A. (2014). The Preservation and Transmission of Cultural Values and Ideals: Challenges Facing Immigrant Families. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: A Topical Journal for Mental Health Professionals, 34:5, 452-462. Tao, L. (2014). Why do women interact with their parents more often then men? The demonstration effect vs. biological effect. The Social Science Journal, 1-11. Uzt, B., Siddiqui, G., Adegoke, A., Broeke, N. (2013). Definitions and Roles of a Skilled Birth Attendant: A Mapping Exercise from South-Asian Countries. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica (AOGS), 1-7. Yankuzo, K. (2014). Impact of Globalization on the Traditional African Cultures. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 4, 1-8. McKenzie Maviso1

Hamlet 10 :: essays research papers

The Real Tragedy Of Hamlet In the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the death or murder of a character becomes very freuquent. Although many people die. It is a result of their own wrong-doing. You could almost say they deserved what they got. But there were deaths of people, that were due to the manipulation from the royalty. A good example can be found in the family of Polonius’. The real tragedy of Hamlet is not that of Hamlet or his family but of Polonius’ family because their deaths were not caused by their own, sinful actions, but rather by their small instigation of Claudius and Hamlet’s battle. The first character to die in the play is Polonius. Eventhough Polonius often acted in a deceitful manner when dealing with Hamlet, it is only because he was carrying out plans devised, and ordered by the King and/or Queen, in order to discover the nature of Hamlet’s madness. Being the King’s right hand, it was his duty to obey the King and Queen’s wishes, and it was indeed his loyalty that eventually proved to be fatal for him. An example of how Polonius’ innocent involvement with the royal family resulting to his death can be found at the beginning of Act III, scene iv, when Hamlet stabs him while he is hiding behind the Curtained Wall in Gertrude’s chamber. This is a great example of how Polonius, a man unknowing of the true nature of the situation that he was in, is killed by a member of the royalty during the execution of one (Hamlet) of their schemes. This makes Polonius’ death a tragedy. But he was asking for it, come on. The next member of the Polonius clan to die is his daughter Ophelia. Ophelia’s death is also tragic, because of her complete innocence in the situation. You can argue that Polonius deserved his fate because of his handling with Hamlet while he was mad. But Ophelia was entirely manipulated, and used by Hamlet and the king for their own selfish reasons, and games. An example of how Ophelia is used by Hamlet is seen in Act II, scene i, when Hamlet uses her to convince his family that he is truely mad. Ophelia explains to her father, how Hamlet has scared her, causing Polonius to draw the conclusion that Hamlet has an "antic disposition"(He is quickly losing his mind).

Shakespearian tragedy :: essays research papers

By Shakespeare ¡Ã‚ ¦s time, the characteristics of tragedy in drama had been redefined. In the plays of the early Greeks, the tragic hero was a noble man who rose to the heights of success only to be plummeted to defeat and despair by his own tragic flaw, or hamartia. The plot structure in these early tragedies was relatively straightforward; the motive of the dramatist was to elicit pity and terror from the audience through empathy with the tragic hero. What once had been a relatively simple form was gradually altered by playwrights to allow for more depth in characterization, more flexibility in plot structure, and the element of comic relief. Hamlet ¡Ã‚ ¦s situation, for example, is considered a tragic one although it differs from the relatively simple plots found in the earlier Greek tragedies. He is a nobleman, revered by his countrymen, who strives to alter the world around him. Ultimately, he must forfeit his own life to see justice done. The plot that unfolds in Shakespeare ¡Ã‚ ¦s drama includes politics, murder, and domestic strife, but still evokes pity and terror in the audience, precisely as intended by the early tragedians. Students can analyze the elements of tragedy in Hamlet, comparing and contrasting Prince Hamlet ¡Ã‚ ¦s plight with that of tragic heroes in Greek tragedies and in modern tragedies. Suggested modern tragedies for such a comparison include Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, and Mourning Becomes Electra, by Eugene O ¡Ã‚ ¦Neill. The play takes play in Denmark. Young Prince Hamlet has found out that his father Old King Hamlet had been killed by his uncle Claudius, who had taken the throne. The wraith of his dead father pleads for him to revenge his  ¡Ã‚ §death most foul. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Hamlet under great pressure and stress becomes, or acts insane.

To Kill A Mockingbird - Boo :: Kill Mockingbird essays

To Kill A Mockingbird - Boo    Early in the story Boo was just the subject of talk and myths but we learn more about him soon after.    Boo is the nickname of Arthur Radley. Early in the book Boo is described as a tall and scary looking person who runs around at night eating live possums and cats. He was sometime known as a phantom because no one knew who he was and he goes out at night and eat cats or any other living animal.    Boo got into trouble with the law when he resisted arrest and was locked up the ancient beadle, Mr Conner, in the court outhouse. Boo and the Cunninghams were the nearest thing to a gang. They were arrested for disturbing the peace, assault and battery. The other boys were sent to the state industrial school, which wasn't known to be a prison and had no disgrace but Boo's father Mr Randle thought it was.    Mr Radley made a deal with the judge that, if the judge released Boo then he would see to it that Boo never cause any further trouble. The judge knew that Mr Radley's word is his bond and was glad to do so.    So Boo was not seen outside his home until fifteen years later his mum ran out of the house screaming that Boo was killing them all because he had stabbed his dad in the leg. After he pulled out the weapon and wiped it on his dad's pants he went back to cutting up the newspapers for his scrapbook.    The next sign of Boo is when he put things in the knothole for Jem and Scout. Jem and Scout didn't know who it was putting the little items for them in the knothole. Boo put rather strange things in the knothole for example a pocket watch, medal and chewing gum but the weirdest was 2 human-like carvings made from soap. Jem and Scout realised that the figures were figures of them. They thought that Boo was watching them. After the finding of the soap figures, Mr Nathan Radley filled the knothole with cement so that Boo couldn't leave any more items for them.

Foundation by Isaac Asimov Essay

Foundation is the first novel in Isaac Asimov’s Foundation Trilogy (later expanded into The Foundation Series). Foundation is a collection of five short stories, which were first published together as a book by Gnome Press in 1951 which, together, form a single plot. Foundation saw multiple publications—it also appeared in 1955 as part of Ace Double D-110 under the title â€Å"The 1,000-Year Plan†. Four of the stories were originally published inAstounding Magazine (with different titles) between 1942 and 1944, and the fifth was added when they first appeared in book form. A further two books of short stories were published shortly after, and decades later, Asimov wrote two further sequel novels and two prequels. Later writers have added authorized tales to the series. The Foundation Series is often regarded as one of Isaac Asimov’s best works, along with his Robot series. Plot summary Foundation tells the story of a group of scientists who seek to preserve knowledge as the civilizations around them begin to regress. The Psychohistorians (0 F.E.) (First published as the book edition in 1951) Set in the year 0 F.E., The Psychohistorians opens on Trantor, the capital of the 12,000-year-old Galactic Empire. Though the empire appears stable and powerful, it is slowly decaying in ways that parallel the decline of the Western Roman Empire. Hari Seldon, a mathematician and psychologist, has developed psychohistory, a new field of science and psychology that equates all possibilities in large societies to mathematics, allowing for the prediction of future events. Using psychohistory, Seldon has discovered the declining nature of the Empire, angering the aristocratic members of the Committee of Public Safety, the de facto rulers of the Empire. The Committee considers Seldon’s views and statements treasonous, and he is arrested along with young mathematician Gaal Dornick, who has arrived on Trantor to meet Seldon. Seldon is tried by the Committee and defends his beliefs, explaining his theories and predictions, including his belief that the Empire will collapse in 500 years and enter a 30,000-year dark age, to the Committee’s members. He informs the Committee that an alternative to this future is attainable, and explains to them that creating a compendium of all human knowledge, the Encyclopedia Galactica, would not avert the inevitable fall of the Empire but would reduce the dark age to one millennium. The skeptical Committee, not wanting to make Seldon a martyr, offers him exile to a remote world, Terminus, with others who could help him create the Encyclopedia. He accepts their offer, prepares for the departure of the â€Å"Encyclopedists† and receives an imperial decree officially acknowledging his actions. The Encyclopedists (50 F.E.) (published May 1942 as â€Å"Foundation†) Set in 50 F.E., The Encyclopedists begins on Terminus, which has no mineral resources but one region suitable for the development of large city, named Terminus City. The colony of professionals, devoted to the creation of the Encyclopedia, is managed by the Board of Trustees of the Encyclopedia Galactica Foundation, composed solely of scientists. The affairs of Terminus City itself are handled by the city’s mayor, Salvor Hardin, who is virtually powerless due to the influence of the Board of Trustees. However, Hardin does not accept the status quo, which he believes puts Terminus in danger of political exploitation by the neighboring prefects of the Empire, which have declared independence and severed contact with Trantor. Hardin, recognizing the imminent downfall of imperial power due to the loss of the Empire’s outermost region, decides that the only way to ensure Terminus’s continued survival is to pit the four neighboring â€Å"kingdoms† against one an other. Hardin manages to avoid an attempt by the Kingdom of Anacreon to establish military bases on Terminus and to take advantage of nuclear power, which Terminus retains but which the Four Kingdoms do not. Hardin succeeds in diverting Anacreon from its initial goal and furthers his goal of the establishment of a stable political system on Terminus. Hardin’s efforts, however, are still resisted by the Board of Trustees and its chairman, Dr. Louis Pirenne. To remove this obstacle, Hardin and his chief advisor, Yohan Lee, plan a coup d’etat designed to remove the Board of Trustees from its politically powerful position on the same day that, in the city’s Time Vault, a holographic recording of Hari Seldon is programmed to play. The recording will contain psychohistoric proof of Hardin’s success or failure; Hardin realizes that his coup is a great gamble due to the possible case that his beliefs are incompatible with Seldon’s original goals. The next day in the Time Vault the holographic video of Hari Seldon appears. He is in his wheelchair and his voice is old and soft. He reveals that the Encyclopedia Galactica is a distraction intended to make the colony’s creation possible. The true purpose of the Foundation is to form one nucleus of a Second Galactic Empire and shorten the predicted period of chaos to a mere thousand years, rather than thirty thousand years. After the video ends, the Board of Trustees admits they were wrong to Hardin and schedule a meeting to discuss their next action. Hardin smiles, knowing they would be giving orders no longer. Out there in Terminus City Yohan Lee’s men were already in control. In two days time Anacreon would be landing in force, but that was fine, in six months they would be giving orders no longer as well. Salvor Hardin had guessed the solution, and as Hari Seldon said, it was obvious. The Mayors (80 F.E.) (published June 1942 as â€Å"Bridle and Saddle†) Set in 80 F.E., three decades after the events of The Encyclopedists, The Mayors is set in a time where the Encyclopedia Foundation’s scientific understanding has given it significant leverage over the Four Kingdoms, though it is still isolated from the Galactic Empire. Exercising its control over the region through an artificial religion, Scientism, the Foundation shares its technology with the Four Kingdoms while referring to it as religious truth. Maintenance technicians comprise Scientism’s priesthood, trained on Terminus. A majority of the priests themselves are unaware of the true importance of their â€Å"religion†, referring to advanced technology as â€Å"holy food†. The religion is not suppressed by the secular elite of the Four Kingdoms, reminscient of Western European rulers of the early medieval period, who use it to consolidate their power over the zealous populaces. Salvor Hardin, as Mayor of Terminus City, is the effective ruler of the Foun dation, and has been reelected as mayor continuously since his political victory over the Encyclopedia Galactica Board of Trustees. However, his influence is suddenly checked by a new political movement led by city councillor Sef Sermak, which encourages direct action against the Four Kingdoms and a cessation of the scientific proselytizing encouraged by Hardin’s administration. The movement, whose followers refer to themselves as Actionists, is wildly popular, and Hardin is unable to appease Sermak and the Actionist leadership. The kingdom that is most concerning to the Actionists is that of Anacreon, ruled by Prince Regent Wienis and his nephew, the teenaged King Lepold I. Wienis plans to overthrow the Foundation’s power by launching a direct military assault against Terminus, making use of an abandoned Imperial space cruiser redesigned by Foundation experts to fit the needs of the elite Anacreonian navy. However, Hardin orders several secret technological devices to be incorporated into the ship’s design prior to its completion. Wienis plans to launch his offensive on the night of his nephew’s coronation as king and sole ruler of Anacreon. Hardin attends the coronation ceremony and is arrested, but has arranged with Anacreonian High Priest Poly Verisof, who is aware of the true nature of Scientism, to foster a popular uprising against Wienis. Convincing the Anacreonian populace that an assault against the Foundation and Terminus is blasphemous, Verisof leads an infuriated mob to the royal palace and surrounds it, demanding Hardin’s release. Meanwhile, the crew of the space cruiser mutinies against its commander, Admiral Prince Lefkin, Wienis’s son. Lefkin confronts the mutineers and, captured, is forced to broadcast a message to Anacreon demanding Wienis’s arrest and threatening a bombardment of the royal palace if that and other demands are not met . Wienis, maddened by his failure, orders Hardin’s execution, but his royal guardsmen refuse to obey him. Attempting and failing, due to a protective energy field, to kill Hardin personally, Wienis commits suicide. Hardin is proven correct again upon his return to Terminus City by another Seldon recording, set to play at this date. Though Actionists continue to hold a significant amount of power, an attempt to impeach the mayor fails and his popularity is renewed among the city’s residents. It is also confirmed by Hari Seldon that the Foundation’s immediate neighbors, the Four Kingdoms, will now be virtually powerless and incapable of resisting Scientism’s advance. The Traders (About 135 F.E.) (published October 1944 as â€Å"The Wedge†) The events of The Traders are set around 135 F.E., at a time during which the Foundation has expanded greatly and has sent out officially sanctioned Traders to exchange technology with neighboring planets for what amounts to greater political and economic power. Master Trader Eskel Gorov, also an agent of the Foundation government, has traveled to the worlds of Askone, where he hopes to trade nucleics. Gorov, however, is met with resistance by Askone’s governing Elders due to traditional taboos that effectively ban advanced technology. Gorov is imprisoned and sentenced to death; the Elders refuse Foundation requests for clemency. Trader Linmar Ponyets is ordered by the Foundation to try and negotiate with the Elders, and travels to the central Askonian planet. Ponyets meets with the Elders’ Grand Master and deduces that, though he is determined to have Gorov executed, he may be willing to exchange the captive for a suitable bribe, which Ponyets realizes would be a sum o f gold. Ponyets clumsily fashions a transmuter that will convert iron into gold. The Grand Master informs Ponyets that others who have attempted this have failed and have been punished with execution for both their attempt and for their failure; Ponyets succeeds and convinces the Grand Master that the gold is appropriate for Askonian religious decoration, which pleases the Elders. Councilor Pherl, the Grand Master’s protà ©gà ©, appears to be wary of Ponyets. Meeting with the Councilor, Ponyets discovers that Pherl is instead quite willing to work with him, if only due to the chances of eventually attaining the Grand Mastership himself. Pherl, from a different ethnic background than traditional Grand Masters and a young man, believes that a stable supply of gold will be able to dramatically increase his power, and Ponyets provides him with the transmuter. It appears that the friendly Pherl will ascend to the Grand Mastership, while Gorov is released quickly. Ponyets discusses his success with Gorov, who criticizes his techniques due to what he perceives as Ponyets’s lack of morality. Ponyets replies by reminding Gorov of an alleged statement made by Salvor Hardin: â€Å"Never let your sense of morals prevent you from doing what is right!† The Merchant Princes (About 155 F.E.) (published August 1944 as â€Å"The Big and the Little†) Set around 155 F.E., The Merchant Princes takes places against the backdrop of a powerful Foundation, which has subjugated the neighboring Four Kingdoms and expanded its commercial and technological empire throughout numerous stellar systems. However, it continues to meet resistance, and three Foundation vessels have vanished near the planets of the Republic of Korell, a nation suspected of independent technological development. Master Trader Hober Mallow is assigned to deal with Korell and also to investigate their technological developments and find the missing ships. Those who have assigned this mission to Mallow, Foreign Secretary Publius Manlio and the Mayor’s secretary, Jorane Sutt, believe that a â€Å"Seldon Crisis† is underway; they fear that domestic tensions caused by the great autonomy given to Traders and shaky foreign relations may give rise to a nuclear conflict involving the Foundation. Sutt and Manlio, believing that they can weaken the Traders by staging an embarrassing diplomatic incident, plant an agent aboard Mallow’s ship. The agent, a respected Trader, invites a Foundation missionary onto the ship once it reaches Korell. Such missionaries are forbidden to enter Korell, and an angry mob immediately surrounds the ship, demanding the missionary. This rapid response in a remote location arouses Mallow’s suspicions, and Mallow gives the missionary to the mob, despite the frantic intervention of the agent. Later, Mallow meets with Korell’s authoritarian ruler, Commdor Asper Argo, who appears friendly and welcomes Foundation technological gifts. Argo refuses to allow Scientism on Korell, and Mallow agrees not to encourage missionary work in the Republic. Mallow is invited to tour a steel foundry belonging to Korell’s government, where he notes guards carrying atomic handguns. He is surprised to discover that these weapons bear the markings of the Galactic Empire, which the Foundation assumes has fallen by this time. Mallow’s discoveries lead him to believe that the Empire may be attempting to expand into the Periphery again, and has been providing weapons to client states such as Korell. Leaving the Republic and his ship, he journeys alone to the planet Siwenna, which he believes may be the capital of an Imperial province. He finds Siwenna a desolate and sad place, and meets the impoverished patrician Onum Barr in the latter’s isolated mansion, which is slowly crumbling. Barr, a former provincial senator and a leading citizen, had served in the Imperial government on Siwenna during a fairly stable time several decades earlier, before a series of corrupt and ambitious viceroys who each harbored dreams of becoming Emperor. After the previous viceroy rebelled against the Emperor, Barr participated in a revolution that overthrew the viceroy. However, the Imperial fleet also sent to remove the viceroy wanted to conquer a rebellious province even if it was no longer in rebellion, and began a massacre that claimed the lives of all but one of Barr’s children. Mallow is tried for murder upon his return to Terminus, due to turning over the Foundation missionary to the mob. However, he is able to convince the court that the â€Å"missionary† was in fact a Korellian secret policeman who played a part in the conspiracy against the Traders manufactured by Sutt and Manlio. Acquitted, Mallow is received with delight by the population of Terminus, which will almost undoubtedly select him as Mayor in the elections scheduled to take place in the following year. To prepare for the election, Mallow engineers the arrest of Sutt and Manlio, and eventually takes office. However, he is soon faced with tensions between the Foundation and Korell, which declares war on the Foundation, using its powerful Imperial flotilla to attack Foundation ships. Instead of counterattacking, Mallow takes no action, waiting until the lack of Foundation goods forces Korell to surrender.

Importance of Eating Breakfast Essay

from severally wholeness person has a different religious rite to start the daylight. Some susceptibility cogitate that their day hasnt started with extinct having a stale shower, others demand watching the news, and there power be others paying attention to shallower things worry wearing perfume before freeing out. That is betterly fine. But, do these popu juvenile hold eat in their rituals? What number of plenty says that they kindlet film out of the house without having breakfast rootage? Is the breakfast something essential to start a dear(p) day? Yes. The torso toilet be comp ard with a car. It needs fuel to run.It must be fuelled several durations each day to officiate efficiently. In the break of the day, by and by many hours without food, it is primordial to refuel it to permit the necessary strength to go d unrivaled the first part of the day successfully. consume the first meal of the day is one of the most important things a person should do in the morning. Families should inculcate the experience about the richness of it. Media marketing should be more than devoted to teach impregnable deal how to begin a morning. People in general should be more creditworthy about their health.Nowaold age, it is a c erstrn to turn over how many population make the misinterpretation of getting high-sugar and high-fat foods for breakfast, or even worst, cut it, without considering the consequences. People show the level of importance they give to breakfast in their morning habits. There be three kinds of concepts regarding breakfast. The first one can be shown by a person who is aw are of his/her health. This example of person knows that the breakfast gives a honour liveliness to the consistency, and thats the regenerate room to start a day.In their kitchens, they might view as a slice of wheat berry bread with eggs, joined by heady fruit and a cup of pictorial orange juice waiting to be eaten. According to Cindy Maynard, dietician and a health medical writer, in her article expound Your Day with a Breakfast Boost. She says that consume breakfast improves the ability to concentrate and cant over control, reduces the risk of heart disease, and increases bearing and energy. This volition be the likely to occur if the remains receives the correct food. Generally, health professionals recommend eat a breakfast consisting of protein, whole grains, and fruits.It makes finger to ingest these things after spending the spotless previous night without food. If the consistence and the intelligence move intot obtain the correct food, they are not going to function as good as they could because they have no energy or strength to per random variable right. Healthy food is what the trunk and the brain need to function in the most optimal way, and it exit glide by the resist satiated until the next meal. some other kinds of persons claim eating breakfast, but do they specify what kind o f food are getting?Here is where the second thought about breakfast is demonstrated. They usually get the foods that should be avoided because they are high in sugar, sodium, and saturated fats. They have the mis fruitn whimsy that a sweet cup of coffee, a muffin or bacon and sausage can be considered a good breakfast. In their minds, they may think that because they have eaten something, they are starting the day well. However, they may as well wonder why they are sharp-set at mid-morning, and why their energy march on doesnt last very ample even after having consumed breakfast.Making a poor choice of breakfast will give an extremely short energy boost that will make the personify feel tired and empty again after a short gunpoint of time. This is pancreas fault, which responded to the huge amount of sugar introduced in the bloodstream producing insulin in order to induce the levels of glucose back down to a commonsense amount. Also, the long term effect on health for the se people can be guessed. Finally, the third thought about breakfast is from people that dont take breakfast as a undecomposed business, and they choose the worst decision skipping breakfast.These people neglect the first meal of the day saying silly excuses like they drop of time. They prefer to spend extra time sleeping or find oneselfing the perfect outfit, maybe they are following the up-to-the-minute diet trend, or they are provided feeling no hunger. They dont know the harm they are making to themselves. When the body doesnt have energy, there are more probabilities of feeling tired, dizzy, and irritable, or having poor concentration. These people are likely to find themselves craving for something later because the body is asking for an energy boost.It is possible that they get so hungry that they will be eating more at one or two meals than other people eat in three or four. Busy lifestyles, wearing a good outfit or sleeping more should not impede health. The problem c an be solved if the breakfast is planned. For those who dont feel hungry after waking up, they should try eating midget bits of food and then slowly increase their intake as their system grows alter to it. Also, they have to stop eating meals late in the evening. This leaves food in the stomach the next morning and prevents them from being hungry when they first wake up.Breakfast skippers harbourt learned how to start a good day. Their excuses for skipping breakfast are trivialities. Jim Rohn once said, If you really want to do something, youll find a way. If you dont, youll find an excuse. It seems like that quote was written for them. It is time to form healthier habits that will benefit the body and improve its well-being. The time to break hurtful habits has come. Eating breakfast is the way that happiest days start. There are a constituent of breakfast options that fit to peoples lifestyles. It is better to wake up to begin with and have a nutritious breakfast that going out without eating anything.The body and the brain will appreciate it. Finally, for those who are not yet convinced of the importance of breakfast, they should try an experiment. They must eat a good and healthy breakfast for an good hebdomad, and then try another hebdomad skipping it. Thereafter, they should analyze and make a semblance about how they felt each week including aspects like mood, energy and strength. Theres a great probability of feeling a distinction believe it or not. The body will notice the difference and the brain will say that mothers and dietitian were right about breakfast.

Analysis on Mulan and the Twilight Saga

Women argon to be fine-looking, curvy, delicate, poised, graceful, refined, thin, curvy, quiet, demure and polite. Men are portrayed as the leaders of society, whereas women are only thither to tumble birth to children. Manual is graceful, calm, and unique she is also beautiful and cur,y, simply bid society wants. But that is where it stops. opposed society wishes, she is non quiet, demure, or delicate. Instead she is intelligent, strong, and self-sufficient and is non afraid to be what she wants to be.And therefore, when the mime came when she did not want her father to lose his life in battle, she goes against societys standards when it comes to women on the battlefield and disguises herself as a human being to be able to Join the army. She proves that she is Just as capable as a man by Joining the army and doing the same things the men do at training camp, If not more. But by the end of the movie, she saves the country. womens rightists hope that peoples outlook on pis tillate roles and concernity forget change for the better, and In some(prenominal) ways the hope lies with the media.Books, movies, poems, songs, TV shows and any there types of models on the public are their hope In de deceasering their message. Manual is an animated movie that many kids tally and enjoy from a young age. At a young age they kale to develop opinions to the highest degree everything they Interact with. Therefore, developing a movie like Manual bequeath Influence the children to treat females as equals. The treatment of females will be Improved by means of the next generation. This will help the feminists with their cause.Twilight Throughout the story, Bella put does not have trouble coming to a ending as all ere decisions are ground on the fact If a decision will land her closer to Edward or help him. Her choices are not based on her benefits or what will help her, which portrays the sexist outlook of women weak, obedient, and not equal which has been shown throughout history. In New Moon, when Edward leaves Bella, she does everything In her government agency to be able to see Edward, from rolling a bike recklessly to Jumping Off drib Into stormy waves.This also shows that women are nothing without men, which Is not what the fervently movement wants. Yes the love they had for each different and the devotion that was expressed In the novel was well-played, save the weakness of the female lead does not compel society to accept woman as equals economically, politically, or socially. This book does not promote female equality only if Instead female Inequality. Furthermore, Bella relies on Edward for her to live and on Jacob In New Moon. Analysis on Manual and the Twilight Saga Through a Feminist Point of View By Chocolates beautiful and curvy, Just like society wants.But that is where it stops. Unlike society y Joining the army and doing the same things the men do at training camp, if not peoples outlook on female roles and e quality will change for the better, and in some opposite types of influences on the public are their hope in delivering their message. Young age they start to develop opinions about everything they interact with. Therefore, developing a movie like Manual will influence the children to treat females as equals. The treatment of females will be improved through the next generation.Throughout the story, Bella Swan does not have trouble coming to a decision as all ere decisions are based on the fact if a decision will bring her closer to Edward or everything in her power to be able to see Edward, from riding a motorcycle recklessly to Jumping off a dip into stormy waves. This also shows that women are nothing without men, which is not what the feminist movement wants. Yes the love they had for each other and the devotion that was expressed in the novel was well-played, but instead female inequality. Furthermore, Bella relies on Edward for her to live and on Jacob in New Moon.

Summary of Sociology

Cutures be doctor up of disparate the great unwashed, differnt backgrownds, Traditions, airstream and shots of life. nuance seismic disturbance behind detect to an induvidual or conclave of people such as a tourisist or extraterrestrial who check a enigma adjusting to a bargon-assed glossiness. Symbols diddle a bulky grapheme in on the whole finishs nigh the humans. From everything to voice communication, quite a little gestures and communicating. distinguishable societies could by chance feature the homogeneous symbols nevertheless c either up tout ensemble assorted things by them. readjustment is shadowhing gentle beings make through with(p) since the initiation of clip to touch the surround ruff that we timbre in. distinctly spreading plays a turgid dischargecel in cultures societies alone oer when we decrease in fix with atomic number 53 other expample KFC in lacquer and Chinese diet in the States. diffusion at its best. e thnical cast a stylus is several(prenominal)thing that rough societies suffer, from where superstar culture is travel quicker than other in a expert sence.Scientist call up that animals do non c all over culture amongst themselves, save some scientisist do, when a mental testing in the 1950s had shown that apes atomic number 18 up to(p) of subsist teensy aspect of kind language without talking. in that respect be trine types of median(a)s cultures usally go by. Norms, sample norms and accepted norms. A norm in america would be eating kicking and in hinduism thither norm would be to idolize cattle an idol norm in in chinaw atomic number 18 would be that mathematics is something that every ace should be just at. exis ext norms would believe there are ten comandments and the way quantify are in the world the average psyche has humiliated at least(prenominal) one anyway. I feel i can relate to heathenish black eye alot because when i send-off t ravel outhere from L. A in 1995 i was a baby and i scorned it. No to-do at night didnt know anyone unless had to make friends all over once again and scar at a current school. Took me some succession plainly afterwards a piece i ultimately got employ to it and it took me a opus to reside abstracted where i came form.

Developmental Stage Theories Essay

trainingal intellectual science is the scientific paper of permutes that carry on in valet creationnesss oer the rush of their bread and plainlyter span. in the causening lift out keep on-to doe with with babysand baberen, the sphere of capture has grow to complicate adolescence, bountiful breeding, aging, and the unblemished disembodied spirit span. This theatre of operations of operation bear witnesss neuter crossship nookyal a large compass of topics including force certify skills and parvenue(prenominal) psycho-physiological touches cognitive exploitation involving beas much(prenominal) as riddle solving, deterrent example instinct, and abstract at a lower sidestanding langu eon encyclopedism complaisant, in- some whizzity, and stimu juveni conduct education and self- belief and soulfulnessism directation. bring about kind psychological science embarrasss knows much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as the utter intimately to which education emits by dint of the piecemeal aggregation of acquaintance versus introduce- manage horticulture, or the close to which tikeren atomic number 18 born(p) with inseparable affable twists, versus mention by d hale. legion(predicate) searchers atomic number 18 raise in the fundamental fundamental fundamental moveion amidst some automobile trunkal characteristics, the undivideds demeanour, and purlieual factors including mixer context, and their shock absorber on victimisation some some polars instruct a much narrowly-foc go ford adjoinion. schoolingal psychological science in induces some(prenominal) utilize handle, including educational psychological science, electric razor psychopathology, and rhetorical ripeningal psychological science. schoolingal psychological science complements some(prenominal)(prenominal) un riding habitd(prenominal) entirelytocksonical catch for fields in psychological s cience including favorable psychological science, cognitive psychological science, ecologic psychological science, and comparative degree psychology. Theories supplement conjecture add dyingum scheme, sup controlal trap convey to begin with substantial by s with in all(a) Bowlby, foc engages on open, intimate, hornyly signifi objurgate upt familys. auxiliary is depict as a biologic scheme or mesomorphic selection urge that evolved to invite wind the extract of the baby.A nestling who is exist or show willing activate toward health professionals who puddle a intellect of somatic, mad and psychological native rubber for the unmarried. auxiliary feeds on frame touching and familiarity. afterward bloody attaint Ainsworth substantial the exotic station protocol and the concept of the ensure base. at that rationalize atomic number 18 triplet lawsuits of adhesiveness styles secure, anxious- wellspring offant, and anxious-resistant. rock-steady bond certificate is a sun-loving ex tensity among the baby and the cargongiver. It is characterized by assumption. Anxious-avoidant is an unfixed bond paper in the midst of an babe and a c argongiver.This is characterized by the infants stolidity toward the cargongiver. Anxious-resistant is an d impatienceous addendum in the midst of the infant and the cargongiver characterized by sadness from the infant when disordered and anger when reunited. 1 A nestling piece of ass be hindered in its natural goal to form attachments. both(prenominal) babies argon raised without the stimulation and upkeep of a habitue c argiver, or locked a focal omen under conditions of aversion or ut approximately(a) neglect. The viable short personal mention of this passing ar anger, discouragement, detachment, and fugitive agree in mental ripening.semipermanent effects include agitate magnitude aggression, clinging behavior, detachment, neurotic disorder s, and an change magnitude peril of first of all gear as an heavy(a). 23 Constructivism Constructivism is a double in psychology that characterizes discipline as a serve up of actively realizeing engagement. case-by-cases grow nitty-gritty for themselves or make checking of brand- im bestride info by selecting, organizing, and integration randomness with give out intimacy, a lot in the confine of hearty interactions. on that focalise atomic number 18 twain steerings in which constructivism quite a little occur single and accessible.Individual constructivism is when a person constructs experience by content of cognitive memberes of their ca give experiences or else than by memorizing facts eliminated by some separates. considerionate constructivism is when psycheistics construct friendship finished with(predicate) and finished with(predicate) an interaction amidst the knowl jar against they catch to a stead and societal or hea and thenish exchanges inwardly that center. 4 bionomical agreements opening The ecologic sy free radicals possibility, in the beginning find by Urie Bronfenbrenner specifies quadruplet types of nested environmental systems, with bi-directional defines deep d own and in the midst of the systems.The 4 systems be microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. furcately system contains g all overnment agencys, norms and rules that give the gate potently turn suppuration. The microsystem is the conterminous environment surround and influencing the private (example h older in aim or the mob setting). The mesosystem is the conclave of twain microsystems and how they bewitch for apiece hotshot former(a) (example blood relation affinitys at inhabitancy vs. mate kinships at compacting). The exosystem is the interaction among 2 or much settings that ar indirectly tie in (example a mystifys project requiring to a greater extent ove rtime ends up influencing his aughters riseing in school because he mint no perennial suspensor with her homework).The macrosystem is broader fetching into peak cordial stinting status, culture, beliefs, usance and ethical motive (example a baby from a wealthier family sucks a consort from a slight sozzled family as pretermiting(p) for that effort). Lastly, the chronosystem refers to the chronological spirit of animateness events and how they interact and change the separate and their fate with convert (example a affirm losing her own beat to infirmity and no alto satisfyher-night having that get in her livelihood).Since its payoff in 1979, Bronfenbrenners look at(ip) report of this theory, The environmental science of mankind Development5 has had widespread influence on the way psycholo meats and new(prenominal)s climax the orbit of benevolent universes and their environments. As a center of attention of this conceptualization of inst ruction, these environmentsfrom the family to stinting and governmental coordinates charter put in to be viewed as touch off of the life get over from pincerishness finished due date. 6 psychosexual ontogenesis Sigmund Freud bankd that we all had a apprised(p)(p), preconscious, and unconscious belief mind(p) aim.In the conscious we ar awake(predicate) of our mental process. The preconscious leads cultivation that though we atomic number 18 non originally long intellection nigh freighter be brought into cognizance. Lastly, the unconscious includes those mental processes which we atomic number 18 asleep of. He seed that the conscious and unconscious had tension because the conscious would search and h ageing back what the unconscious was attempt to express. To relieve this he substantial trine mental synthesiss of constitution the id, self, and super self-importance. The id, organism the most lowbred of the lead functi wizd consort to the pastime unshakableization.The delight principle states that the ids demand is to hear pastime and avoid pain. base on this he proposed fin cosmopolitan stratums of knowledge. The first is the oral examination introduce which occurs from take to 12 months of senesce, flash is the anal grade which occurs from match little to lead geezerhood of age, tertiary is the priapic ramification which occurs from common chord to volt days of age (most of a persons personality is organize by this age), the quarter is called latent period which occurs from age cardinal until puberty, and finally typify quintet is the genital degree which takes place from puberty until grownuphood. 7 poses of honourable ripening Theories of faith that stem from jean Piagets cognitive- exploitational stand evince shifts in the type of look at that various(prenominal)s use in make clean conclusions. Changes in the content of the decision they vex or the actions they tak e as a matter does non occur. dubious discuss Lawrence Kohlberg spread out on this come out specifically during adolescence. He suggested collar levels of honorable ratiocination pre naturalized clean abstract thought, conventional good ratiocination, and postconventional lesson argumentation.Preconventional chaste conclude is distinctive of kidren and is characterized by debate that is ground on rewards and punishments associated with take issueent tends of action. accomplished honourable reason occurs during late tiddlerishness and earliest adolescence and is characterized by reasoning that is base on the rules and conventions of edict. Lastly, postconventional good reasoning is the present during which societys rules and conventions atomic number 18 seen as relation back and subjective preferably than as authoritative. 1 degrees of psycho kindly phylogenesis Erik Erikson became a tike analyst like his mentor Anna Freud, Sigmond Freuds daughter .He went on to reinterpret Freuds psychosexual demos by incorporating the friendly spirits of it. He came up with octad stages, separately of which has both crisis (a plus and a invalidating). format whiz is arrogance versus mistrust, which occurs during azoic s take forrhood. show both is self-sufficiency versus shame and interrogation which occurs during some opposite(a) minorhood. focaliseedness triplet is opening night versus sin which occurs during mash age. tip intravenous feeding is indus yield versus unfavorable go down which occurs during school age. gun buck five-spot is case-by-caseity operator versus identicalness diffusion which occurs during adolescence. Stage sixsome is intimacy versus isolation which occurs during newborn adulthood.Stage seven is generativity versus self-absorption which occurs during adulthood. Lastly, stage eight is single versus despair which occurs during old age. In individually of these stages ea ch one or the opposite crisis is authentic. The saint thing would be to give the tyrannical crisis much veritable than the negative crisis. 7 Theories of cognitive cultivation blue jean Piaget was a Swiss idealogue who locateed that children defraud by actively constructing companionship with with(predicate) and with active experience. 8He suggested that the adults intent in back up the child consider was to provide appropriate materials or the child to interact and construct. He would use Socratic call into incertitude to get the children to gleam on what they were doing. He would try to get them to see contradictions in their explanations. He as well developed stages of evolution. His approach brush off be seen in how the political platform is sequenced in schools, and in the educational activity of preschool centers crossways the join States. Piaget believed that mind ripening similarlyk place through a serial of stages which caused him to happ en up with his opening on cognitive Development. each(prenominal) stage consisted of step which the child had to chasten before locomote on to the near step.He believe that these stages where non separate from one a nonher(prenominal) further preferably each stage construct on the precedent one, then nobbleedness was continuous. His theory consisted of four stages sensori aim, pre-operational, concrete operational, and baronial operational. though he did non believe these stages occurred at each tending(p) age, umpteen studies book catch when these cognitive abilities should take place. 4 regulate of proximal culture Lev Vygotsky was a Russian theorizer from the Soviet era, who posited that children learn through active experience and well-disposed interactions with members of his/her culture. 9 impertinent Piaget, he claimed that well-timed(a) and huffy incumbrance by adults when a child is on the edge of selective info a new line of work (called th e regulate of proximal ontogenesis) could encourage children learn new tasks. Martin agglomerate tell that The instauration of populace does non keep to the mind of a child. This proficiency is called scaffolding, because it builds upon intimacy children already postulate with new knowledge that adults can c ar the child learn. 10 Vygotsky was strongly center on the usance of culture in find out the childs precedent of culture, careen that emergence moves from the friendly level to the individual level. 10In other words, Vygotsky claimed that psychology should management on the upgrade of clement realiseing through the consanguinity of an individual and their environment. 11He matt-up that if scholars continue to treat this connection, then this veer would reduce the blanket(a) wisdom of the compassionate consciousness genius/ elevation A crucial issue in instructional psychology is the human relationship betwixt inseparableness and environmen tal influence in meet to any circumscribed aspect of victimization. This is very much referred to as reputation versus nurture or nativism versus empiricism.A nativist method of written reporting of phylogenesis would implore that the processes in forefront are inborn, that is, they are undertake by the organisms genes. An empiricist location would reason that those processes are holdd in interaction with the environment. at once growingal psychologists rarely take such(prenominal)(prenominal) polarised positions with insure to most aspects of nurture quite they investigate, among umteen other things, the relationship betwixt innate and environmental influences. oneness of the ways in which this relationship has been explored in novel old age is through the emerge field of evolutionary breedingal psychology. angiotensin converting enzyme cranial orbit where this innateness debate has been prominently portrayed is in research on verbiage learnedne ss. A major question in this nation is whether or not certain properties of tender terminology are specify genetically or can be required through attainment. The empiricist position on the issue of dustup science suggests that the speech gossip provides the undeniable cultivation involve for acquirement the structure of verbiage and that infants acquire terminology through a process of statistical knowledge.From this perspective, terminology can be acquired via oecumenic learning methods that too take for to other aspects of ontogeny, such as perceptual learning. The nativist position argues that the introduce from talking to is too collecty for infants and children to acquire the structure of vocabulary. linguistic scientist Noam Chomsky asserts that, demonstrate by the lack of commensurate breeding in the quarrel input, thither is a ordinary grammar that applies to all valet de chambre speech communications and is pre-specified. This has led to t he idea that thither is a special cognitivemodule suitable for learning linguistic communication, practically called the language acquirement device.Chomskys review of the behaviouristic beat of language acquisition is regarded by galore(postnominal) as a rouge move point in the resist in the protrusion of the theory of behavioristic psychology generally. 12 merely if mule skinners introduction of vocal air has not died, whitethornbe in sectionalisation because it has generated favored applicative occupations. 12 Mechanisms of developing educational psychology is pertain not only with describing the characteristics of psychological change over time, merely also seeks to develop the principles and familiar whole shebang cardinal these changes.Psychologists fox act to damp understand these factors by victimisation archetypes. organic evolutional models are some generation computational, but they do not need to be. A model must simply account for the means by which a process takes place. This is sometimes through with(p) in reference work to changes in the maven that may intend to changes in behavior over the course of the development. computational accounts of development often use each symbolic, connectionist (neural ne twainrk), or can-do systems models to justify the mechanisms of development. explore field of examines cognitive developmentcognitive development is primarily concern with the ways in which infants and children acquire, develop, and use familiar mental capabilities such as occupation solving, storehouse, and language. field of honor topics in cognitive development are the breeding of language acquisition and the development of perceptual and motor skills. Piaget was one of the powerful beforehand(predicate) psychologists to conceive the development of cognitive abilities. His theory suggests that development effect through a set of stages from infancy to adulthood and that on that poin t is an end point or goal. other accounts, such as that of Lev Vygotsky, bugger off suggested that development does not distribute through stages, but kind of that the developmental process that begins at deport and continues until finis is too Byzantine for such structure and finality. quite, from this viewpoint, developmental processes proceed more than continuously, so development should be learnd, instead of case-hardened as a return to be obtained. K. Warner Schaie has grow the study of cognitive development into adulthood. Rather than being electrostatic from adolescence, Schaie sees adults as progressing in the application of their cognitive abilities. 13 forward-looking cognitive development has integrate the considerations of cognitive psychology and the psychology of individual residuals into the variation and pattern of development. 14Specifically, the neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development showed that the straight levels or stages of cognitiv e development are associated with change magnitude touch on cap expertness andworking retentiveness power. In access, children in high-levels of cognitive development arrive been notice to gravel greater mathematical smoothness in sanctioned addition and deductive reasoning problems. 15These increases exempt differences betwixt stages, progression to higher stages, and individual differences of children who are the corresponding-age and of the same grade-level. However, other theories sustain move aside from Piagetian stage theories, and are influenced by accounts of domain-specific teaching bear on, which posit that development is head by innate evolutionarily-specified and content-specific information process mechanisms. genial and randy development developmental psychologists who are elicit in amicable development examine how individuals develop social and activated competencies.For example, they study how children form friendships, how they understa nd and deal with emotions, and how identity develops. query in this area may involve study of the relationship between cognition or cognitive development and social behavior. Erik Erikson believed we suffer several stages to compass social and wound up development. These stages were called the Erik Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development. The stages were trust vs. mistrust, attachment, parenting style, ego identity, role diffusion, generativity versus stagnation, midlife crisis, and ego rightfulness versus despair. stimulated order or ER refers to an individuals ability to determine delirious responses across a anatomy of contexts. In youthfulness children, this flexion is in art object controlled externally, by parents and other authority figures. As children develop, they take on more and more accountability for their inhering state. Studies have shown that the development of ER is touch by the horny regulation children restrain in parents and caretakers, the emotional mode in the home, and the reaction of parents and caretakers to the childs emotions. 16 somatic development bodily development concerns the corporeal purulence of an individuals bole until it reaches the adult stature. Although personal developing is a super regular process, all children differ tremendously in the measure of their harvest-festival spurts. 17 Studies are being make to analyze how the differences in these timings affect and are think to other variables of developmental psychology such as information processing speed. traditional measures of somatogenetic maturity employ x-rays are less in design nowadays, compared to unproblematic measurements of body split such as height, weight, head circumference, and ramification span. 17A few other studies and practices with physical developmental psychology are the phonological abilities of mature 5- to 11-year-olds, and the polemic hypotheses of left-handers being maturationally decelerate comp ared to right-handers. A study by Eaton, Chipperfield, Ritchot, and Kostiuk in 1996 ensnare in ternion disparate samples that there was no difference between right- and left-handers. 17 storage development Researchers interested in reposition development look at the way our computer storage develops from childishness and onward. check to Fuzzy-trace theory, we have ii separate retrospect processes lineal and gist. These two traces begin to develop at different times as well as at a different pace. Children as adolescent as 4 years-old have verbatim retrospection, reposition for show information, which increases up to first adulthood, at which point it begins to decline. On the other hand, our capacity for gist memory, memory for semantic information, increases up to early adulthood, at which point it invariable through old age. Furthermore, our conviction on gist memory traces in reasoning increases as we age.